Graphene/Mn-doped CdS nanoplates (G/Mn-CdS NP) composite photocatalysts were prepared via a microwave-assisted method and characterized via XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, TEM, and HRTEM. The as-prepared G/Mn-CdS NP composite displayed a maximum photodegradation of methylene orange dye of 79.7% under visible light irradiation. The unique nanoplate structure, graphene support, and Mn2+ doping in the nanocomposite induced synergistic effects in its photocatalytic performance, which enhanced its charge transfer, improved its light utilization, and suppressed the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Such composite photocatalysts are expected to have great practical applications for environmental remediation.