“…Diverse nanomaterials, such as Au [8], ZnO [9,10], CdS [11,12], TiO 2 [13,14], and porphyrin [15,16], have been exploited as electrodes. Among them, TiO 2 nanomaterials have been widely investigated due to their high PEC activity, stable performance, good biological compatibility, and obvious surface effect [17][18][19].…”