Enhanced brain expression of genes related to cell proliferation and neural differentiation is associated with cortisol receptor expression in fishes

Sadoul, Bastien; Alfonso, Sébastien; Bessa, Eduardo; Bouchareb, Amine; Blondeau‐Bidet, Eva; Clair, Philippe; Chatain, Béatrice; Bégout, Marie‐Laure; Geffroy, Benjamin

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.06.001

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Primer sequences were retrieved from the literature [45,63,64] or specifically-designed using the web version of PRIMER 3 (http://primer3.ut.ee; Table 1). The qPCR experiments were conducted in a final volume of 1.5 μl, using 1 μl fish brain cDNA and 0.…”

Section: Quantitative Real-time Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies suggest that stress axis regulation and neurogenesis are tightly linked [45][46][47].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, the release of Acth is mainly controlled by corticotropin releasing-factor (Crf), a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus [20,44]. In addition, recent studies suggest that the regulation of stress axis and neurogenesis are closely related [45][46][47] and we previously proposed that fish displaying high sensitivity to stress also exhibit high levels of neurogenesis in a non-stressful context [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coping styles in European sea bass: The link between boldness, stress response and neurogenesis

Alfonso

Sadoul

Gesto

et al. 2019

Physiology & Behavior

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Coping styles consist of a coherent set of individual physiological and behavioral differences in stress responses that are consistent across time and context. Such consistent inter-individual differences in behavior have already been shown in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), but the associated mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we combine physiological measurements with individual behavioral responses in order to characterize coping styles in fish. Fish were tagged and placed in a tank for group risk-taking tests (GRT) at 8 months of age to evaluate boldness using the proxy latency of leaving a sheltered area towards an open area. A subsample of these fish were individually challenged 16 months later using an open field test (OFT), in which the boldness was assessed after being placed in a shelter within an open arena. Latency to exit the shelter, time spent in the shelter, and distance travelled were recorded for this purpose. The blood and brain were then collected to evaluate plasma cortisol concentration and neurotransmitter levels (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and related metabolites), as well as brain transcription of key genes involved in stress axis regulation (gr1, gr2, mr, crf), neurogenesis (neurod1, neurod2, pcna), and neuronal development (egr1). Fish acting bolder in the GRT were not necessarily those acting bolder in the OFT, highlighting the relatively low consistency across different types of tests performed with a 16-months interval. There was, however, a significant correlation between stress markers and boldness. Indeed, mRNA levels of mr, crf, gr2, egr1, and neurod2, as well as norepinephrine levels were higher in shy than bold fish, whereas brain serotonergic activity was lower in shy fish. Overall, our study highlights the fact that boldness was not consistent over time when testing context differed (group vs. alone). This is in agreement with previous literature suggesting that social context play a key role in boldness measurement and that the particular life history of each individual may account in shaping the personality fate of a fish. Highlights ► Boldness is not consistent when characterized using different types of test over an interval period of 16 months (group vs. individual tests). ► After open field test, plasma cortisol concentration is similar between bold and shy fish. ► Shy fish, however, display higher level of transcription of mr, gr2, crf, egr1 and neurod2 (trend) and also higher level of norepinephrine and lower turnover ratio between serotonin and its main metabolite (hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in the whole brain.

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Section: Quantitative Real-time Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies suggest that stress axis regulation and neurogenesis are tightly linked [45][46][47].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coping styles in European sea bass: The link between boldness, stress response and neurogenesis

Alfonso

Sadoul

Gesto

et al. 2019

Physiology & Behavior

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“…Nonetheless, it has been successfully applied by a variety of scientists, from physiologists (Auperin et al, ) to behavioural ecologists (Colson et al, ), in controlled environments and also in the wild (Geffroy et al, ; Love et al, ), to assess levels of stress in fishes. In addition, relation between the stress axis and neurogenesis (Sadoul et al, ; Sørensen et al, ), growth (Sadoul & Vijayan, ) and sex determination or sex‐change (Geffroy & Bardonnet, ; Goikoetxea et al, ; Olivotto & Geffroy, ) are now well described, highlighting the central role of cortisol in fish physiology and behaviour. It is also an important tool in characterising coping abilities of fishes and investigating how the environment can disturb this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring cortisol, the major stress hormone in fishes

Sadoul

Geffroy

2019

Journal of Fish Biology

244

141

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Stress in teleosts is an increasingly studied topic because of its interaction with growth, reproduction, immune system and ultimately fitness of the animal. Whether it is for evaluating welfare in aquaculture, adaptive capacities in fish ecology, or to investigate effects of human‐induced rapid environmental change, new experimental methods to describe stress physiology in captive or wild fish have flourished. Cortisol has proven to be a reliable indicator of stress and is considered the major stress hormone. Initially principally measured in blood, cortisol measurement methods are now evolving towards lower invasiveness and to allow repeated measurements over time. We present an overview of recent achievements in the field of cortisol measurement in fishes, discussing new alternatives to blood, whole body and eggs as matrices for cortisol measurement, notably mucus, faeces, water, scales and fins. In parallel, new analytical tools are being developed to increase specificity, sensitivity and automation of the measure. The review provides the founding principles of these techniques and introduces their potential as continuous monitoring tools. Finally, we consider promising avenues of research that could be prioritised in the field of stress physiology of fishes.

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“…In sh, cortisol binds the glucocorticoid receptor (gr) and controls BDNF expression in the brain. With gr and relatively few other genes, BDNF has thus emerged as one of the target genes of interest in stress studies, as shown for zebra sh [134], sea bream [135] and sea bass [86,[136][137][138]. BDNF is also involved in other aspects of the stress response in sh (e.g.…”

Section: A Brain-derived Neutrophic Factor (Bdnf) Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Epigenomic Stress Response in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax, L.)

Krick

DESMARAIS

Σαμαράς

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: While the stress response inspired genome-wide epigenetic studies in vertebrate models, it remains mostly ignored in fish. We modified the epiGBS (epiGenotyping By sequencing) technique to explore changes in genome-wide cytosine methylation to a repeated acute stress challenge in the nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). This species is widely studied in both the natural and farmed environments, including issues regarding health and welfare.Results: We retrieved 501,108,033 sequencing reads after trimming, with a mean mapping efficiency of 73.0% (unique best hits). Fifty-seven differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) close to 51 distinct stress-related genes distributed on 17 of 24 linkage groups (LGs) were detected between RBCs of pre- and post-stress individuals. Literature surveys indicated that thirty-eight of these genes were previously reported as differentially expressed in the brain of zebrafish, most of them involved in stress coping differences. DMC-related genes associated to the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, a protein that favors stress adaptation and fear memory, are especially relevant.Conclusion: We provide an improved epiGBS protocol with increased multiplexing and sequencing capacities that offer new opportunities to improve data acquisition and to investigate important biological processes at a genome-wide level, such as the stress response. Minimally invasive RBCs deserve more attention to investigate the epigenetic response to stress without sacrificing fish.

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Enhanced brain expression of genes related to cell proliferation and neural differentiation is associated with cortisol receptor expression in fishes

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Coping styles in European sea bass: The link between boldness, stress response and neurogenesis

Coping styles in European sea bass: The link between boldness, stress response and neurogenesis

Measuring cortisol, the major stress hormone in fishes

Genome-Wide Epigenomic Stress Response in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax, L.)

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