Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics

Paradiso, Joseph A.; Starner﻿﻿, Thad

doi:10.1109/mprv.2005.9

Cited by 2,190 publications

(1,194 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…4d--f). During this process the spores delivered an average power of 0.7 µW, which is already comparable to vibrational energy harvesters 24 . Remarkably, however, only 3 mg of bacterial spores generated this power.…”

Section: Spores Of Bacillus As Building Blocks Of High Energy Densitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Bacillus spores as building blocks for stimuli-responsive materials and nanogenerators

et al. 2014

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Materials that respond mechanically to external chemical stimuli have wide--ranging applications in biomedical devices, adaptive architectural systems, robotics, and energy harvesting 1 . Synthesis and design principles inspired by biological systems have led to materials with capabilities for highly controlled and complex shape change 2 , oscillations 3 , fluid transport 4 , and homeostasis 5 . Despite the enhanced control over material behavior, the effectiveness of synthetic stimuli--responsive materials in generating work has been limited when compared to mechanical actuators 6 . Biological organisms with structures responsive to water gradients could potentially offer a solution for the limited work density of stimuli--responsive materials. Because water--responsive biological structures accomplish vital tasks like ascent of sap 7,8 , dispersal and self--burial of seeds 9,10 , they could possibly exhibit high energy densities and serve as building blocks of stimuli--responsive materials effective in generating work. Furthermore, biological nature of these materials offers the possibility of improving their characteristics through genetic mutations 11,12 . Here we report the discovery that the response of the spores of Bacillus to water potential gradients exhibit energy densities more than 10 MJ/m 3 , exceeding best synthetic water--responsive materials by 1000--fold 13,14 . We also identified a mutant spore form that nearly doubles the energy density relative to its wild type, highlighting the possibility for further improvements with genetic engineering of spores. We found that spores can self--assemble into dense, submicron--thick monolayers on substrates like silicon microcantilevers and elastomer sheets, creating bio--hybrid hygromorph actuators 15 . The spore monolayers forming these hygromorphs exhibited high--energy density and rapid response to changing water potentials. As an application of the strong mechanical response of spores, we have built an energy harvesting device that can remotely generate electrical power from an evaporating body of water. These results demonstrate that spores have a significant potential as building blocks of stimuli--responsive materials with dramatically enhanced capabilities for energy harvesting, storage, and actuation of robotic devices.Bacillus spores are dormant cells that can withstand harsh environmental conditions for long periods of time and still maintain biological functionality 16 (Fig. 1a,b). Despite their dormancy, spores are dynamic structures. For example, Bacillus spores respond to changes in relative humidity (RH) by expanding and shrinking and changing their diameter by as much as 12% 17--19 . We have used an atomic force microscope (AFM) based experiment (Fig. 2c) to determine the energy density of individual spores as they respond to changes in RH. By adjusting force and RH, we have created a thermodynamic cycle, in which individual spores go through four stages illustrated in Fig. 1d. In stage I, the spores rest at low RH (~20%). In stage II,...

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Section: Spores Of Bacillus As Building Blocks Of High Energy Densitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Bacillus spores as building blocks for stimuli-responsive materials and nanogenerators

et al. 2014

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“…Such energy harvesting mechanisms typically generate a power of 5-10 μW on average but can get as high as 1 mW, depending on the person's activity. [25][26][27] As a comparison, contemporary leadless pacemakers require o10 µW mean power to operate (according to device manufacturers' reference manuals).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Swiss approach for a heartbeat-driven lead- and batteryless pacemaker

et al. 2017

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“…In addition, a large number of failures in medical devices are caused by the batteries [6,7]. Suitable sources for human energy harvesting are temperature differences [8], photovoltaic systems [9,10] and glucose fuel cells [11]. Body motion is an abundant source of energy that can work for externally worn and implanted devices alike [12,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless power transfer system for a human motion energy harvester

Pillatsch

Yeatman

Holmes

et al. 2016

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

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Human motion energy harvesting as an alternative to battery powering in body worn and implanted devices is challenging during prolonged periods of inactivity. Even a buffer energy storage system will run out of power eventually if there is no external acceleration to the harvester. This paper presents a method to actuate the rotor inside a previously presented rotational piezoelectric energy harvester wirelessly via a magnetic reluctance coupling to an external driving rotor with one or more permanent magnet stacks attached. *Manuscript(includes changes marked in red font for revision documents) Click here to view linked References of the orientation of the device with respect to gravity, which is desirable for real world applications. Lateral misalignment between the harvester and the driving magnet can also be overcome. The largest distance of power transfer reached was 32 mm with the largest magnets tested, and the optimal power output into a resistive load was over 100 µW at a frequency of 25 Hz.The functional volume of the harvester is 1.85 cm 3 -similar to the size of a wristwatch.

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Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics

Cited by 2,190 publications

References 12 publications

Bacillus spores as building blocks for stimuli-responsive materials and nanogenerators

Bacillus spores as building blocks for stimuli-responsive materials and nanogenerators

The Swiss approach for a heartbeat-driven lead- and batteryless pacemaker

Wireless power transfer system for a human motion energy harvester

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