Energy reserves of the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in finlan

Effects of hand‐rearing on physiology and anatomy in the grey partridge

“…Our results are in accordance with the results of Majewska et al (1979) on pheasants. Hissa et al (1990) did not find any atrophy of breast muscles in captive capercaillie Tetrao urogallus either. However, as demonstrated by Fehlberg et al (1992), the growing of muscles in hand‐reared birds may vary widely depending on the density of the individuals and their opportunity to exercise in captivity.…”

“…Tissue water, neutral fat and ash contents were measured using the method described by Hissa et al (1990). Glycogen content of muscles and livers was assayed using the method described by Lo et al (1970).…”

“…Artificial rearing of birds in captivity has earlier been demonstrated to affect intestinal tract morphology both in some Phasianidae (Majewska et al 1979, Paganin & Meneguz 1992) and Tetraonidae species (Moss 1972, Pendergast & Boag 1973, Hanssen 1979a). Evidence that reared gallinaceous birds may also differ from wild birds in regard to the relative weight of muscles and organs has been given (Hissa et al 1990, Fehlberg et al 1992).…”

Effects of hand‐rearing on physiology and anatomy in the grey partridge

“…Our results are in accordance with the results of Majewska et al (1979) on pheasants. Hissa et al (1990) did not find any atrophy of breast muscles in captive capercaillie Tetrao urogallus either. However, as demonstrated by Fehlberg et al (1992), the growing of muscles in hand‐reared birds may vary widely depending on the density of the individuals and their opportunity to exercise in captivity.…”

“…Tissue water, neutral fat and ash contents were measured using the method described by Hissa et al (1990). Glycogen content of muscles and livers was assayed using the method described by Lo et al (1970).…”

“…Artificial rearing of birds in captivity has earlier been demonstrated to affect intestinal tract morphology both in some Phasianidae (Majewska et al 1979, Paganin & Meneguz 1992) and Tetraonidae species (Moss 1972, Pendergast & Boag 1973, Hanssen 1979a). Evidence that reared gallinaceous birds may also differ from wild birds in regard to the relative weight of muscles and organs has been given (Hissa et al 1990, Fehlberg et al 1992).…”

Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity–energy budgets

“…Additional issues faced by disturbed birds include obstructed access to optimal foraging grounds (West et al 2002) and induced starvation. It has been shown that the closely related Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), which, similarly to Black Grouse, has only limited fat deposits, can survive nine days of food deprivation (Hissa et al 1990). Given that Capercaillie is the grouse species with the highest capacity to withstand starvation (Hissa et al 1990), we can expect a higher susceptibility to starvation in the Black Grouse due to its lower body mass.…”

Does shifting from a commercial to a natural diet affect the nutritional status of hand‐reared grey partridges Perdix perdix?

“…Studies on several galliform species have shown that hand‐reared birds differ in their physiology and morphology from their wild counterparts (Moss 1972, 1983, Majewska, Pielowski, Serwatka & Szott 1979, Hissa, Rintamäki, Virtanen, Lindén & Vihko 1990, Putaala & Hissa 1993, 1995). For example, captive gallinaceous birds fed commercial diets had shorter intestinal tracts and lighter gizzards than wild birds (Moss 1972, Hanssen 1979a,b, Majewska et al 1979, Putaala & Hissa 1995).…”

Effects of hand‐rearing on physiology and anatomy in the grey partridge

“…Our results are in accordance with the results of Majewska et al (1979) on pheasants. Hissa et al (1990) did not find any atrophy of breast muscles in captive capercaillie Tetrao urogallus either. However, as demonstrated by Fehlberg et al (1992), the growing of muscles in hand‐reared birds may vary widely depending on the density of the individuals and their opportunity to exercise in captivity.…”

“…Tissue water, neutral fat and ash contents were measured using the method described by Hissa et al (1990). Glycogen content of muscles and livers was assayed using the method described by Lo et al (1970).…”

“…Artificial rearing of birds in captivity has earlier been demonstrated to affect intestinal tract morphology both in some Phasianidae (Majewska et al 1979, Paganin & Meneguz 1992) and Tetraonidae species (Moss 1972, Pendergast & Boag 1973, Hanssen 1979a). Evidence that reared gallinaceous birds may also differ from wild birds in regard to the relative weight of muscles and organs has been given (Hissa et al 1990, Fehlberg et al 1992).…”

Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity–energy budgets

“…Additional issues faced by disturbed birds include obstructed access to optimal foraging grounds (West et al 2002) and induced starvation. It has been shown that the closely related Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), which, similarly to Black Grouse, has only limited fat deposits, can survive nine days of food deprivation (Hissa et al 1990). Given that Capercaillie is the grouse species with the highest capacity to withstand starvation (Hissa et al 1990), we can expect a higher susceptibility to starvation in the Black Grouse due to its lower body mass.…”

Does shifting from a commercial to a natural diet affect the nutritional status of hand‐reared grey partridges Perdix perdix?

“…Studies on several galliform species have shown that hand‐reared birds differ in their physiology and morphology from their wild counterparts (Moss 1972, 1983, Majewska, Pielowski, Serwatka & Szott 1979, Hissa, Rintamäki, Virtanen, Lindén & Vihko 1990, Putaala & Hissa 1993, 1995). For example, captive gallinaceous birds fed commercial diets had shorter intestinal tracts and lighter gizzards than wild birds (Moss 1972, Hanssen 1979a,b, Majewska et al 1979, Putaala & Hissa 1995).…”

Effects of hand‐rearing on physiology and anatomy in the grey partridge

“…Our results are in accordance with the results of Majewska et al (1979) on pheasants. Hissa et al (1990) did not find any atrophy of breast muscles in captive capercaillie Tetrao urogallus either. However, as demonstrated by Fehlberg et al (1992), the growing of muscles in hand‐reared birds may vary widely depending on the density of the individuals and their opportunity to exercise in captivity.…”

“…Tissue water, neutral fat and ash contents were measured using the method described by Hissa et al (1990). Glycogen content of muscles and livers was assayed using the method described by Lo et al (1970).…”

“…Artificial rearing of birds in captivity has earlier been demonstrated to affect intestinal tract morphology both in some Phasianidae (Majewska et al 1979, Paganin & Meneguz 1992) and Tetraonidae species (Moss 1972, Pendergast & Boag 1973, Hanssen 1979a). Evidence that reared gallinaceous birds may also differ from wild birds in regard to the relative weight of muscles and organs has been given (Hissa et al 1990, Fehlberg et al 1992).…”

Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity–energy budgets

“…Additional issues faced by disturbed birds include obstructed access to optimal foraging grounds (West et al 2002) and induced starvation. It has been shown that the closely related Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), which, similarly to Black Grouse, has only limited fat deposits, can survive nine days of food deprivation (Hissa et al 1990). Given that Capercaillie is the grouse species with the highest capacity to withstand starvation (Hissa et al 1990), we can expect a higher susceptibility to starvation in the Black Grouse due to its lower body mass.…”

Does shifting from a commercial to a natural diet affect the nutritional status of hand‐reared grey partridges Perdix perdix?

“…Studies on several galliform species have shown that hand‐reared birds differ in their physiology and morphology from their wild counterparts (Moss 1972, 1983, Majewska, Pielowski, Serwatka & Szott 1979, Hissa, Rintamäki, Virtanen, Lindén & Vihko 1990, Putaala & Hissa 1993, 1995). For example, captive gallinaceous birds fed commercial diets had shorter intestinal tracts and lighter gizzards than wild birds (Moss 1972, Hanssen 1979a,b, Majewska et al 1979, Putaala & Hissa 1995).…”