Energy Management and Switching Control of PHEV Charging Stations in a Hybrid Smart Micro-Grid System

Abstract

In this study, the energy management and switching control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in a hybrid smart micro-grid system was designed. The charging station in this research consists of real market PHEVs of different companies with different sizes. The rate of charging of PHEVs is managed via switching control to receive maximum benefits from renewable energy sources and reduce the consumption of electricity from the grid. To support the optimum utilization of sustainable power, charging time and network stability, seven scenarios were developed for different interaction among the proposed micro-grid system and PHEVs. The proposed hybrid smart micro-grid system consists of three renewable energy sources: photovoltaic (PV) array controlled via an intelligent fuzzy control maximum power point subsystem, a fuel cell stack and a microturbine set controlled by proportional integral differential/proportional integral subsystems. A hybrid energy storage system (super-capacitor, battery storage bank and hydrogen) and residential load are also included in the proposed architecture. The hybrid smart micro-grid system is checked in terms of voltage regulation, frequency deviation and total harmonic distortion (THD). It was found that these are in limits according to the international standards. The simulations verify the feasibility of the proposed system and fulfill the requirement of vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle operations in a smart grid environment.

Standalone Renewable Energy and Hydrogen in an Agricultural Context: A Demonstrative Case

“…In the case study, the FCHEV fulfils this function, since it does not depend exclusively on the energy from the RES. The extraction of surplus energy in the form of electricity requires the presence of the vehicle next to the RES for a relatively long period, as well as an adequate management [35]. By contrast, the use of hydrogen as an energy vector allows the vehicle to be refuelled in only 20 s [24] (p. 260).…”

Applications of Power Electronics

“…In [52], a harmonic linearization technique has been deployed to analyze the stability of the AC microgrid in the sequence domain. Focusing more on the higher-level control, an innovative switching control strategy has been developed for EV charging stations to minimize their effect on the performance of a hybrid microgrid system in [53]. In [54], a power electronic converter interface has been used to allow for the variable-speed operation of hydro-pumped energy storage.…”

Electro-Mechanical Design and Creep Analysis of Proposed Enclosure for Flexible Gas Insulated Line Regarding Subsurface Metropolitan Applications of High-Voltage Transmission Lines

“…Considering the fact that creep strength of a thermoplastic enclosure is a function of time and temperature, determination of permissible hoop stress is essentially required for the proposed scheme in order to ensure safe operation of thermoplastic enclosure during its expected life span. The permissible creep stress for the proposed PE 100 based enclosure operating at 104 0 F and with an expected life time of 25 years is evaluated through Equation (8) [53,57]. In Equation 8, σ per represents the permissible hoop stress in N/mm 2 , σ v represents the equivalent stress from respective creep diagram in N/mm 2 , A 2 represents the reduction factor for transported substance, A 4 represents the reduction factor for material strength and SF represents the safety factor.…”

“…Proliferating industrialization and urbanization has increased the load demand, which necessitates upgradation along with new installation of power transmission lines (PTLs), in order to ensure higher system reliability and stability [1][2][3][4]. Additionally, development of the smart grid [4,5], integration of renewable energy [6][7][8] and the requirement of interruption free operation [9,10] necessitates implementation of PTLs with in metropolitan areas [11,12]. Literature describes that existing PTLs are comprised of underground cables (UGCs) [7,[13][14][15], overhead lines (OHLs) [2,11,16,17] and gas insulated lines (GILs) [18][19][20][21].…”