Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation

Hall, Kevin D.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Kemnitz, Joseph W.; Klein, Samuel; Schoeller, Dale A.; Speakman, John R.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.036350

Cited by 527 publications

(401 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Owing to the high risk of reverse causation, longitudinal studies should be privileged. 39,40 Hence, reviews based on cross-sectional studies do not provide strong evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

2015

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Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased worldwide and has reached alarming proportions. Currently, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the primary source of added sugar in the diet of children and adolescents. Contradictive findings from studies and reviews have fueled an endless debate on the role of SSBs in the development of childhood obesity.Methods: The primary aim of the present review of reviews was to assess how review-and study-level methodological factors explain conflicting results across reviews and meta-analyses by providing an up-to-date synthesis of recent evidence regarding the association between SSB consumption and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in a population of 6-month-old to 19-year-old children and adolescents. The secondary aim was to assess the quality of included reviews using the Assessment of Multiple SysTemAtic Reviews (AMSTAR) measurement tool. Systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses were included. The literature search was performed through the platforms Pubmed/Medline, Cinahl, and Web of Knowledge.Results: Thirteen reviews and meta-analyses were included. Nine reviews concluded that there was a direct association between SSBs and obesity in children and adolescents and four others did not. The quality of the included reviews was low to moderate, and the two reviews with the highest quality scores showed discrepant results.Conclusions: The majority of reviews concluded that there was a direct association between SSB consumption and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in children and adolescents. However, recent evidence from well-conducted meta-analyses shows discrepant results regarding the association between SSB and weight gain, overweight, and obesity among children and adolescents. Improving methodological quality of studies and reviews as well as ensuring responsible conduct of research and scientific integrity is essential for the provision of objective results.

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“…Owing to the high risk of reverse causation, longitudinal studies should be privileged. 39,40 Hence, reviews based on cross-sectional studies do not provide strong evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

2015

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“…2012). Because energy cannot be created nor destroyed, this energy balance equation is widely applied to assess the third component when the other two components of energy balance are measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, even when change in body composition is measured over a period as short as 2‐weeks, the individual precision of that measure limits the ability to calculate energy balance at individual level (Hall et al. 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions

et al. 2017

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The composition of weight change has a large impact on energy balance calculations. Composition of long‐term weight change interventions is well‐documented, but information on short‐term weight change under unrestricted free‐living conditions is limited. The composition and energy density of the changes in body weight during 2‐week free‐living conditions were analyzed in adults from two cohorts: cohort 1 (n = 24) included participants from the reproducibility subset of the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition study; cohort 2 (n = 22) included participants who were studied under free‐living conditions in an ongoing study in the Chicago area. Change in body weight, total body water (TBW) by stable isotope dilution (cohort 1), and fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) by serial DXA (cohort 2) were measured. To determine the fractional composition of the change in body weight we analyzed the linear associations between changes in body weight and changes in body composition. In the combined dataset, the average change in body weight (0.26 ± 1.2 kg) was consistent with being in energy balance. Average change in body weight was associated with the change in TBW (P < 0.0001) in cohort 1 and the change in FFM (P = 0.0002) in cohort 2. A unit change in body weight was composed of 84% change in FFM in the combined dataset indicating that 2‐week fluctuation in body weight is largely composed of FFM. The energy density of 1–3 kg short‐term changes in body weight averaged 2380 kcal/kg.

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“…Energy balance is most often described as calories consumed verses those expended during physical activity (Hall et al, 2012). For this reason, caloric intake and physical exercise are among the energy balance lifestyle choices which may have the greatest potential to reduce breast cancer risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics behind Breast Cancer Prevention - Focus on Obesity, Exercise and Dietary Fat

Alegre¹,

Knowles²,

Robison³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Cancer prevention is rapidly emerging as a major strategy to reduce cancer mortality. In the field of breast cancer, significant strides have recently been made in the understanding of underlying preventive mechanisms. Currently, three major strategies have been linked to an increase in breast cancer risk: obesity, lack of physical exercise, and high levels of saturated dietary fat. As a result, prevention strategies for breast cancer are usually centered on these lifestyle factors. Unfortunately, there remains controversy regarding epidemiological studies that seek to determine the benefit of these lifestyle changes. We have identified crucial mechanisms that may help clarify these conflicting studies. For example, recent reports with olive oil have demonstrated that it may influence crucial transcription factors and reduce breast tumor aggressiveness by targeting HER2. Similarly, physical exercise reduces sex hormone levels, which may help protect against breast cancer. Obesity promotes tumor cell growth and cell survival through upregulation of leptin and insulin-like growth factors. This review seeks to discuss these underlying mechanisms, and more behind the three major prevention strategies, as a means of understanding how breast cancer can be prevented.

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Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation

Cited by 527 publications

References 21 publications

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions

Mechanics behind Breast Cancer Prevention - Focus on Obesity, Exercise and Dietary Fat

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