Energy and water requirements of lactation in the North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum

A test of two hypotheses explaining the seasonality of reproduction in temperate mammals

“…Weaning represents the most energy‐demanding stage of lactation for the mother and therefore represents peak cost (Oftedal 1984a). Litter sizes and masses at weaning for 28 species (Table 3) were taken from Farrell & Christian (1987); Nowak & Paradiso (1983); Millar (1977); Banfield (1974).…”

A test of two hypotheses explaining the seasonality of reproduction in temperate mammals

“…Weaning represents the most energy‐demanding stage of lactation for the mother and therefore represents peak cost (Oftedal 1984a). Litter sizes and masses at weaning for 28 species (Table 3) were taken from Farrell & Christian (1987); Nowak & Paradiso (1983); Millar (1977); Banfield (1974).…”

Hepatic Lipidosis and other Test Findings in Two Captive Adult Porcupines ( Erethizon Dorsatum ) Dying from a “Sudden Death Syndrome”

“…Pregnant and periparturient mammals show a considerable increase in energy expenditure. In respect to porcupines, lactating females require about 17% more calories than nonlactating females 5 . Hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia have been reported in humans 8,17 does, cows, and ewes 18 .…”

“…In addition, the female porcupine had just given birth, suggesting that increased lactation-associated energy expenditure coupled with possible stress due to withdrawal of her young may have contributed to the development of the hepatic lesions. It has been reported that lactating porcupines require about 17% more energy than nonlactating ones 5 …”

“…In respect to porcupines, lactating females require about 17% more calories than nonlactating females. 5 Hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia have been reported in humans 8,17 does, cows, and ewes. 18 In women, hepatic dysfunction complicates about 3% of pregnancies 8 and tends to occur in the last trimester of gestation.…”

“…It has been reported that lactating porcupines require about 17% more energy than nonlactating ones. 5 In the wild, porcupines are herbivorous but as indicated by the caretaker, the 2 animals were being fed a diet formulated for laboratory rodents. A case of HL was recently reported in a zoo-raised porcupine 2 and after consideration of the diet and test findings (Table 1), these authors suggested that nutritional imbalances including a deficit in energy resorption and increased mobilization of body fats were most likely responsible for the liver pathology seen.…”

A test of two hypotheses explaining the seasonality of reproduction in temperate mammals

“…Weaning represents the most energy‐demanding stage of lactation for the mother and therefore represents peak cost (Oftedal 1984a). Litter sizes and masses at weaning for 28 species (Table 3) were taken from Farrell & Christian (1987); Nowak & Paradiso (1983); Millar (1977); Banfield (1974).…”

Hepatic Lipidosis and other Test Findings in Two Captive Adult Porcupines ( Erethizon Dorsatum ) Dying from a “Sudden Death Syndrome”

“…Pregnant and periparturient mammals show a considerable increase in energy expenditure. In respect to porcupines, lactating females require about 17% more calories than nonlactating females 5 . Hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia have been reported in humans 8,17 does, cows, and ewes 18 .…”

“…In addition, the female porcupine had just given birth, suggesting that increased lactation-associated energy expenditure coupled with possible stress due to withdrawal of her young may have contributed to the development of the hepatic lesions. It has been reported that lactating porcupines require about 17% more energy than nonlactating ones 5 …”

“…In respect to porcupines, lactating females require about 17% more calories than nonlactating females. 5 Hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia have been reported in humans 8,17 does, cows, and ewes. 18 In women, hepatic dysfunction complicates about 3% of pregnancies 8 and tends to occur in the last trimester of gestation.…”

“…It has been reported that lactating porcupines require about 17% more energy than nonlactating ones. 5 In the wild, porcupines are herbivorous but as indicated by the caretaker, the 2 animals were being fed a diet formulated for laboratory rodents. A case of HL was recently reported in a zoo-raised porcupine 2 and after consideration of the diet and test findings (Table 1), these authors suggested that nutritional imbalances including a deficit in energy resorption and increased mobilization of body fats were most likely responsible for the liver pathology seen.…”

A test of two hypotheses explaining the seasonality of reproduction in temperate mammals

“…Weaning represents the most energy‐demanding stage of lactation for the mother and therefore represents peak cost (Oftedal 1984a). Litter sizes and masses at weaning for 28 species (Table 3) were taken from Farrell & Christian (1987); Nowak & Paradiso (1983); Millar (1977); Banfield (1974).…”

Hepatic Lipidosis and other Test Findings in Two Captive Adult Porcupines ( Erethizon Dorsatum ) Dying from a “Sudden Death Syndrome”

“…Pregnant and periparturient mammals show a considerable increase in energy expenditure. In respect to porcupines, lactating females require about 17% more calories than nonlactating females 5 . Hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia have been reported in humans 8,17 does, cows, and ewes 18 .…”

“…In addition, the female porcupine had just given birth, suggesting that increased lactation-associated energy expenditure coupled with possible stress due to withdrawal of her young may have contributed to the development of the hepatic lesions. It has been reported that lactating porcupines require about 17% more energy than nonlactating ones 5 …”

“…In respect to porcupines, lactating females require about 17% more calories than nonlactating females. 5 Hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia have been reported in humans 8,17 does, cows, and ewes. 18 In women, hepatic dysfunction complicates about 3% of pregnancies 8 and tends to occur in the last trimester of gestation.…”

“…It has been reported that lactating porcupines require about 17% more energy than nonlactating ones. 5 In the wild, porcupines are herbivorous but as indicated by the caretaker, the 2 animals were being fed a diet formulated for laboratory rodents. A case of HL was recently reported in a zoo-raised porcupine 2 and after consideration of the diet and test findings (Table 1), these authors suggested that nutritional imbalances including a deficit in energy resorption and increased mobilization of body fats were most likely responsible for the liver pathology seen.…”