“…Nalbuphine (NAL) has been recognized as a moderate‐efficacy partial agonist or antagonist of the μ‐opioid receptor and as a high‐efficacy partial agonist of the κ‐opioid receptor with its low affinity for either the δ‐opioid receptor or the σ receptor (Al‐Hasani & Bruchas, ; Barry & Zuo, ; Bodnar, ; Raghav, Jain, Dhawan, Roy, & Kumar, ). It can relieve moderate to severe pain and itching, the mechanisms are thought to be its binding to opioid receptors (Bodnar, ; Chen et al, ; Davis, Fernandez, Regel, & McPherson, ; Mathur et al, ; Pereira & Stander, ; Reszke & Szepietowski, ; Tubog, Harenberg, Buszta, & Hestand, ; Withey, Paronis, & Bergman, ). Alternatively, it can be used to balance anesthesia, for preoperative and postoperative analgesia, and for obstetrical analgesia (Bindra, Kumar, & Jindal, ; Kim, Kim, Lee, Chung, & Hong, ).…”