Endocrinology of Overtraining

Fry, Andrew C.; Steinacker, J. M.; Meeusen, Romain

doi:10.1002/9780470757826.ch37

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…This phase may be reflective of the over-reaching point in the training continuum. Interestingly, in some situations during over-reaching, if the athlete is given shortterm rest and recovery, they may actually compensate with greater than normal adaptations and enhancements of performance [49]. This fact explains why some athletes and their coaches push the degree of training so intently.…”

Section: Exercise Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neuroendocrine hypoactive phase seems to correspond with the overtraining point and/or with the manifestation of the overtraining syndrome. In the latter situations, neuroendocrine function becomes suppressed for certain hypothalamic, pituitary and adrenal cortical hormones (e.g., ACTH, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone catecholamines and cortisol) [49][50][51][52]. The development of the hypoactivity phase appears to be the more serious outcome as it may require weeks or months for the athlete to recover and regain normal endocrine function.…”

Section: Exercise Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the latter phase, elevations in the circulating levels of ACTH, cortisol, prolactin and catecholamines have been reported at rest or in response to acute exercise [45,[47][48][49]; although these hormonal patterns do not seem universal [45,49]. This phase may be reflective of the over-reaching point in the training continuum.…”

Section: Exercise Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress

Hackney¹

2006

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism

212

145

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In this article, the physiological impact of one form of stress -physical exercise -on the neuroendocrine system will be discussed. The specific intent of the review is to present an overview of stress endocrinology, the conceptual models associated with this area of study, and a discourse on the dual role of exercise as both a stressor and a modifier of stress within the neuroendocrine system. These points are addressed with respect to the current research literature dealing with exercise endocrinology in an adult population. Keywords disregulation; endocrinology; hormones; physical activity; sport Stress is something experienced by all of us, no matter who we are, and it has both a positive and a negative effect on our lives. Modern society has created an environment where there are tremendous opportunities to experience both negative stresses (distress) as well as positive stress (eustress) on a daily basis [1,2]. Such stressful encounters have profound impacts upon the physiological workings of the human body, both in constructive and destructive fashions. One physiological system that is extremely reactive to stress is the neuroendocrine system [1,2]. In fact, many clinicians and researchers use the responses of the neuroendocrine system as a means of assessing the stress effects and reactivity of the human body.Physical exercise is an activity that is known to provoke large and diverse stress responses within the neuroendocrine system. However, chronic exercise training is also known to cause abatement in the stress responses of the neuroendocrine system to certain forms of stress. The intent of this article is to provide an overview on these somewhat paradoxical effects of physical exercise upon the neuroendocrine system. Specifically, the intended purpose of this review is twofold: to provide a brief overview of stress endocrinology and the conceptual models associated with this area of study; and to address the dual role of exercise as both a stressor and a modifier of stress within the neuroendocrine system, both in acute and chronic exposure settings.

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Section: Exercise Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exercise Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress

Hackney¹

2006

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism

212

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, at present it seems that measures of immune function cannot really distinguish OTS from infection or post-viral fatigue states. Although most research on overtraining and overreaching has focused on endurance activities, some research has shed light on stressful training when using heavy resistance exercise, and is summarized in several reviews (Fry & Kraemer 1977;Fry 1999;Fry et al 2001Fry et al , 2005. What has become clear is that excessively high volumes or intensities of resistance exercise can present considerably different physiological and performance profiles when compared to OT/OR with endurance activities.…”

Section: Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Meeusen¹,

Duclos²,

Foster³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Sport Science

Self Cite

615

934

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Successful training must involve overload, but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement, without severe psychological, or lasting other negative symptoms. This Functional Overreaching (FOR) will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, Non-Functional Overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and the Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be 'prolonged maladaptation' not only of the athlete, but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirmor refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the aetiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, etc., together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this paper, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meets all criteria to make its use generally accepted.

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“…However, when recovery time, volume, and intensity are inadequate, they can cause a series of hormonal and physiological changes in the organism Fry et al, 2005), such as alterations in muscle fibers, a decrease in strength and an increase in protein catabolism, leading to a state called overtraining (Fry et al, 1991;Lehmann et al, 1999). Petibois et al (2003) observed that overtrained individuals presented higher amino acids and lower protein blood accumulation in response to exercise than well-trained individuals, suggesting that proteins were catabolized for amino acid supply during exercise.…”

Section: Skeletal Muscle Changes During Resistance Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Intensity Resistance Training with Insufficient Recovery Time Between Bouts Induce Atrophy and Alterations in Myosin Heavy Chain Content in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Souza

Aguiar

Carani

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The aim of this study was to test whether high-intensity resistance training with insufficient recovery time between bouts, could result in a decrease of muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), alter fiber-type frequencies and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content in rat skeletal muscle. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: trained (Tr) and control (Co). Tr group were subjected to a high-intensity resistance training program (5 days/week) for 12 weeks, involving jump bouts into water, carrying progressive overloads based on percentage body weight. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed, superficial white (SW) and deep red (DR) portions of the plantaris muscle were removed and submitted to mATPase histochemical reaction and SDS-PAGE analysis. Throughout the experiment, both groups increased body weight, but Tr was lower than Co. There was a significant reduction in IIA and IID muscle fiber CSA in the DR portion of Tr compared to Co. Muscle fiber-type frequencies showed a reduction in Types I and IIA in the DR portion and IID in the SW portion of Tr compared to Co; there was an increase in Types IIBD frequency in the DR portion. Change in muscle fiber-type frequency was supported by a significant decrease in MHCI and MHCIIa isoforms accompanied by a significant increase in MHCIIb isoform content. MHCIId showed no significant differences between groups. These data show that high-intensity resistance training with insufficient recovery time between bouts promoted muscle atrophy and a transition from slow-to-fast contractile activity in rat plantaris muscle. Anat Rec, 294:1393Rec, 294: -1400Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Endocrinology of Overtraining

Cited by 20 publications

References 102 publications

Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress

Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

High‐Intensity Resistance Training with Insufficient Recovery Time Between Bouts Induce Atrophy and Alterations in Myosin Heavy Chain Content in Rat Skeletal Muscle

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