Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Bisphenol A on the Cardiovascular System: A Review

Abstract

Currently, the plastic monomer and plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used chemicals. BPA is present in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, commonly used in food storage and industrial or medical products. However, the use of this synthetic compound is a growing concern, as BPA is an endocrine-disrupting compound and can bind mainly to estrogen receptors, interfering with different functions at the cardiovascular level. Several studies have investigated the disruptive effects of BPA; however, its cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Therefore, this review’s purpose is to address the most recent studies on the implications of BPA on the cardiovascular system. Our findings suggest that BPA impairs cardiac excitability through intracellular mechanisms, involving the inhibition of the main ion channels, changes in Ca2+ handling, the induction of oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications. Our data support that BPA exposure increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including atherosclerosis and its risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Furthermore, BPA exposure is also particularly harmful in pregnancy, promoting the development of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. In summary, BPA exposure compromises human health, promoting the development and progression of CVDs and risk factors. Further studies are needed to clarify the human health effects of BPA-induced cardiotoxicity.

Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Bisphenol A in Polymeric Baby Bottles

“…Fonseca et al 8 also confirmed the effect of BPA on increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and recommended storing food in glass containers and reducing plastic containers in order to improve lifestyle and decrease exposure to BPA. In addition, plastic bottles have a weaker structure than glass and are more difficult to clean.…”

“…Hormonal and reproductive disorders, breast and prostate cancers, delayed maturation in women, and infertility in men have also been reported which resulted from exposure to BPA. 6 , 7 For example in the study of Fonseca et al, 8 the increased risk of adult cardiovascular diseases and gestational hypertension disorders by exposure to BPA caused through intracellular processes, inhibition of main ion routs, changes in Ca 2+ movement, induction of oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes.…”

Combination of Bisphenol A and Its Emergent Substitute Molecules Is Related to Heart Disease and Exerts a Differential Effect on Vascular Endothelium

“…One of the primary monomers studied by the scientific community, due to its environmental ubiquity and high level of detection in human biological fluids, is bisphenol A (BPA). Due to its high production volume and multiplicity of uses, BPA is considered one of the most widely used monomers in the world [8]. Thanks to its chemical properties [9], it can move throughout the human body and cross biological barriers, so it is commonly found in urine, blood, breast milk, and even amniotic fluid [7,10,11].…”

Preparation of transition metal‐modified biochar materials and their effects on the removal of bisphenol A by persulfate activation

“…Its structure is stable and can exist in the environment for a long time, posing a great threat to human health. Fonseca et al 1 found that long‐term exposure to BPA increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in adults. Yazdani et al 2 found that prolonged exposure of salmon to BPA resulted in oxidative lesions in kidney cells and caused transcriptional responses of immune genes.…”