Endocrine Control of Renal Handling of Solutes and Water in Vertebrates

Abstract

Hormones influence renal function by both extrarenal and intrarenal mechanisms. Extrarenal mechanisms include the effects through systemic hemodynamic and neural pathways, whereas intrarenal mechanisms can be largely divided into the effects on intrarenal hemodynamics and those on tubular transport epithelia. Neurohypophysial hormones and the renin-angiotensin system appear to act primarily on systemic and preglomerularvasculature in primitive vertebrates, while direct tubular action appears to have evolved at a later stage of phylogeny. Although aldosterone is an essential hormone for fluid mineral balance in mammals, the action of mineralocorticoids on tubular Na transport has not been established in nonmammalian tetrapods. In bony fishes in hyperosmotic environments, cortisol accelerates active Na extrusion from the gill. In contrast, prolactin is important for maintaining low osmotic water permeability of the transport epithelia in fishes in hypoosmotic media. Thus, both function and site of hormone action appear to have changed during the evolution of vertebrates interacting with changing environments, and in response to the demands from other bodily functions. Furthermore, evolution of interactions, at the cellular level, between systemic and locally formed hormones such as prostaglandins, kinins, and perhaps angiotensin may have developed more elaborate controlling systems of renal handling of solutes and water.

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (121, 207). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…In freshwater-adapted lampreys (Lampetra f/uviatilis), micropuncture pressure measurements indicate that filtration equilibrium is not achieved along the glomerular capillaries and that filtration is particularly sensitive to changes in hydrostatic pressure (187). A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (121, 207). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…In freshwater-adapted lampreys (Lampetra f/uviatilis), micropuncture pressure measurements indicate that filtration equilibrium is not achieved along the glomerular capillaries and that filtration is particularly sensitive to changes in hydrostatic pressure (187). A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (117,200). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Antidiuretic Effect of Eel ANP Infused at Physiological Doses in Conscious, Seawater-Adapted Eels, Anguilla japonica

“…In fish, urine volume is primarily regulated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the GFR is affected profoundly by the systemic arterial pressure (Nishimura, 1985). In the previous study, we observed antidiuretic effect after a bolus injection of 0.2 nmol/kg of eel ANP or VNP into FW eels (Takei and Balment, 1993a).…”

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (121, 207). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…In freshwater-adapted lampreys (Lampetra f/uviatilis), micropuncture pressure measurements indicate that filtration equilibrium is not achieved along the glomerular capillaries and that filtration is particularly sensitive to changes in hydrostatic pressure (187). A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (117,200). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Antidiuretic Effect of Eel ANP Infused at Physiological Doses in Conscious, Seawater-Adapted Eels, Anguilla japonica

“…In fish, urine volume is primarily regulated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the GFR is affected profoundly by the systemic arterial pressure (Nishimura, 1985). In the previous study, we observed antidiuretic effect after a bolus injection of 0.2 nmol/kg of eel ANP or VNP into FW eels (Takei and Balment, 1993a).…”

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (121, 207). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…In freshwater-adapted lampreys (Lampetra f/uviatilis), micropuncture pressure measurements indicate that filtration equilibrium is not achieved along the glomerular capillaries and that filtration is particularly sensitive to changes in hydrostatic pressure (187). A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

“…Together these data suggest that angiotensin II may act directly on the tubules at low levels to enhance tubular absorption of sodium and at high levels to inhibit tubular absorption of sodium. This would be similar to the action suggested for mammals (117,200). However, these studies on nonmammalian vertebrates are quite indirect, and there is as yet no information on possible tubule sites or mechanisms of action.…”

“…A specific ultrafiltration coefficient, calculated for these freshwater-adapted animals, is similar to the lower estimates in mammals (98,100,187,200). In lampreys adapted to brackish water, on the other hand, filtration equilibrium is achieved, preventing determination of a unique ultrafiltration coefficient and suggesting that in these circumstances filtration should be influenced by the plasma flow rate along the glomerular capillaries (187).…”

Antidiuretic Effect of Eel ANP Infused at Physiological Doses in Conscious, Seawater-Adapted Eels, Anguilla japonica

“…In fish, urine volume is primarily regulated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the GFR is affected profoundly by the systemic arterial pressure (Nishimura, 1985). In the previous study, we observed antidiuretic effect after a bolus injection of 0.2 nmol/kg of eel ANP or VNP into FW eels (Takei and Balment, 1993a).…”