Endochronic simulation for the response of 1020 carbon steel tubes under symmetric and unsymmetric cyclic bending with or without external pressure

Finite Element ANSYS Analysis of the Behavior for 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Tubes under Cyclic Bending with External Pressure

“…However, the ovalization-curvature behavior increases in a ratcheting symmetrical manner and is strongly influenced by the magnitude of the external pressure. Although Lee et al [11] used endochronic theory combined with the principle of virtual work to properly simulate the aforementioned behavior, there are several flaws in their theoretical formulation. Firstly, the endochronic theory is too complicated and when it is combined with the principle of virtual work, the numerical method for determining the related parameters becomes extremely difficult.…”