Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

Zheng, Yixian; Tickle, C.; Jansson, Roland; Kehrer‐Sawatzki, Hildegard; Cooper, David Neil; Delves, Peter J.; Melino, Gerry; Battista, John A. Di; Levitan, Linda; Roberts, Kenneth; Bynum, W. F.; Valpuesta, José; Harper, David

doi:10.1002/9780470015902

Cited by 149 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Many studies do not take into account that the number of haemocytes changes dramatically in the first 24 h following introduction of non-self agents or materials into the circulation. It is now very well known that there is an initial drop in the total cell count, usually with the first hour or so, as granulated haemocytes, primarily semi-granular cells, exocytose their contents and initiate capsule formation (see review by Smith (2010)). This is followed by a recovery period in which new haemocytes are generated in the haematopoietic tissue and re-populate the circulating pool (see reviews by Smith et al (2010), Lin and Söderhäll (2011) and Roulston and Smith (2011)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Encapsulation is a well recognized mechanism by which infective agents in the haemolymph can be sequestered from the general circulation and ultimately killed in vivo in crustaceans (reviewed in Smith et al (2010)) and other arthropods (Smith, 2010) but recent work on crab has demonstrated that there is an additional mechanism that helps to entrap micro-organisms in the blood and bring them into close contact with antimicrobial proteins released into the haemolymph from the haemocytes. This process, known as ETosis, was first discovered in human neutrophils (Brinkmann et al, 2004) but has since been reported for other mammalian leucocytes involved in inflammation (von KockritzBlickwede et al, 2008;Yousefi et al, 2008;Webster et al, 2010;Aulik et al, 2012).…”

Section: Role In Microbial Trapping and Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial proteins: From old proteins, new tricks

Smith

Dyrynda

2015

Molecular Immunology

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This review describes the main types of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) synthesised by crustaceans, primarily those identified in shrimp, crayfish, crab and lobster. It includes an overview of their range of microbicidal activities and the current landscape of our understanding of their gene expression patterns in different body tissues. It further summarises how their expression might change following various types of immune challenges. The review further considers proteins or protein fragments from crustaceans that have antimicrobial properties but are more usually associated with other biological functions, or are derived from such proteins. It discusses how these unconventional AMPs might be generated at, or delivered to, sites of infection and how they might contribute to crustacean host defence in vivo. It also highlights recent work that is starting to reveal the extent of multi-functionality displayed by some decapod AMPs, particularly their participation in other aspects of host protection. Examples of such activities include proteinase inhibition, phagocytosis, antiviral activity and haematopoiesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role In Microbial Trapping and Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial proteins: From old proteins, new tricks

Smith

Dyrynda

2015

Molecular Immunology

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“…This has taken place since ancient times, mainly because of the animals' ability to adapt and the ease with which they can be transported because of their small size (Pereira and Amorim, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in the Brazilian Canindé goat breed

Silva

Filho²,

Arandas³

et al. 2017

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. The success of the geographical distribution of goat populations around the world is a consequence of the adaptive potential of these breeds. Several relevant traits to the success of the species in colonizing different ecosystems (and use by man) evolved before domestication. These features were relevant for the selection of different breeds. Each breed represents a genetic heritage that may be unique and essential for maintaining the species. The objective of this study was to catalog the mtDNA haplotypes of the Brazilian autochthonous Canindé goat breed and to characterize the genetic diversity observed in subpopulations by sequencing a 481-bp fragment corresponding to the first portion of the control region in 178 individuals from 10 herds, sampled in six Brazilian states. The global population displays a total of 29 haplotypes and 56 polymorphic sites. About one-third (10) of the haplotypes were common to all subpopulations while the remaining (19) were exclusive to a single subpopulation. The population exhibited high average haplotype diversity (0.82), with maximum and minimum values of 0.90 and 0.56 in individual subpopulations, respectively. In contrast, nucleotide diversity was 0.014, with maximum and minimum values of 0.020 and 0.004, respectively. The spatial analysis of molecular variance did not detect structure within the Canindé goat breed, and analysis of molecular variance revealed that 88.4% of the variation observed in the population was due to differences among individuals in the same subpopulation. Only 11.4% of the genetic variation referred to differences among subpopulations. About one-third (33.1%) of the individuals within population shared the same haplotype, which may be due not only to the breed developing from a small number of matrilines. The Brazilian autochthonous Canindé breed was classified as haplogroup A, a haplotype predominant in the Europe region.

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“…Studies on chromosome segregation based on comparative genomic hybridization of DNA from polar body I, polar body II and the zygote from stimulated ovarian cycles have shown that gains of multiple, nonhomologous, single chromatids result from segregation errors during meiosis I, followed by errors affecting other chromosomes during meiosis II [reviewed by Fragouli and Wells, 2014]. This may also be the case in naturally cycling women <36 years [Verpoest et al, 2008;Labarta et al, 2012].…”

Section: Different Meiotic Segregation Errors Contribute To Multiple mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes Resulting from Maternal Meiosis I or II Errors

Hochstenbach

Nowakowska²,

Volleth³

et al. 2015

Mol Syndromol

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We present 2 cases with multiple de novo supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs), each derived from a different chromosome. In a prenatal case, we found mosaicism for an sSMC(4), sSMC(6), sSMC(9), sSMC(14) and sSMC(22), while a postnatal case had an sSMC(4), sSMC(8) and an sSMC(11). SNP-marker segregation indicated that the sSMC(4) resulted from a maternal meiosis II error in the prenatal case. Segregation of short tandem repeat markers on the sSMC(8) was consistent with a maternal meiosis I error in the postnatal case. In the latter, a boy with developmental/psychomotor delay, autism, hyperactivity, speech delay, and hypotonia, the sSMC(8) was present at the highest frequency in blood. By comparison to other patients with a corresponding duplication, a minimal region of overlap for the phenotype was identified, with CHRNB3 and CHRNA6 as dosage-sensitive candidate genes. These genes encode subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We propose that overproduction of these subunits leads to perturbed component stoichiometries with dominant negative effects on the function of nAChRs, as was shown by others in vitro. With the limitation that in each case only one sSMC could be studied, our findings demonstrate that different meiotic errors lead to multiple sSMCs. We relate our findings to age-related aneuploidy in female meiosis and propose that predivision sister-chromatid separation during meiosis I or II, or both, may generate multiple sSMCs.

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Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

Cited by 149 publications

References 0 publications

Antimicrobial proteins: From old proteins, new tricks

Antimicrobial proteins: From old proteins, new tricks

Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in the Brazilian Canindé goat breed

Multiple Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes Resulting from Maternal Meiosis I or II Errors

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