Encephalopathy associated with influenza A

Smidt, Martijn H.; Stroink, Hans; Bruinenberg, Jos; Peeters, Marcel

doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2004.06.002

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Many patients with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy (IE) have been reported in Japan [7][8][9], and recently, some cases have been reported in Europe and the United States [10,11]. Pathological findings revealed that viral antigens and inflammatory cells were undetectable in brain tissues and suggest that direct viral invasion does not induce IE [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Analysis of serum soluble CD40 ligand in patients with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy

Ichiyama¹,

Morishima²,

Suenaga³

et al. 2005

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Analysis of serum soluble CD40 ligand in patients with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy

Ichiyama¹,

Morishima²,

Suenaga³

et al. 2005

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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“…Lethal pneumonia and encephalopathy caused by influenza virus have now become a serious problem, especially among the elderly and children, respectively [1,2]. Furthermore, the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus associated with a high fatality rate (greater than 60%) has been reported in Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate sensors of influenza virus: clues to developing better intranasal vaccines

Ichinohe

Iwasaki

Hasegawa

2008

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Mucosal immunity acquired by natural infection with influenza viruses at the respiratory tract is more effective and cross-protective against subsequent variant virus infection than systemic immunity induced by parenteral immunization with inactivated vaccines. To develop an effective influenza vaccine, it is beneficial to mimic the process of natural infection that bridges innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system that recognizes influenza virus infection consists of several classes of pattern-recognition receptors, including the Toll-like receptors, the retinoic acidinducible gene-I-like receptors and the NOD-like receptors. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of innate recognition of influenza and how the signals emanating from the innate sensors control adaptive immunity. Further, we discuss the potential roles of these receptors in developing intranasal influenza vaccines.

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“…The clinical findings and outcome differed substantially from recent Dutch cases with IAE (Smidt et al, 2004;van Zeijl et al, 2005). Although fatal cases of IAE occurred in Japan, fatal cases of IAE have not been documented in The Netherlands after the 1957 pandemic, when 68 patients (mainly children) died during a 3-month period (van Geer and Mulder, 1958).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%