Enamel Hypoplasia Analysis of Middle Miocene Mammals from Chabbar Syedan, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between age at first calving (AFC) and first lactation milk yield [adjusted 305-day (MY 305 )], reproductive performance [days open (DO), calving interval (CI)] and diseases (lameness, mastitis, metritis and dystocia) in Simmental dairy cows bred under Turkey conditions. A total of 1110 Simmental cows (first calving to second calving) were assessed according to study criteria. While the relation between AFC and disease incidence and MY 305 was not found significant, the relation between AFC and CI and DO was found significant and the optimum interval of AFC was determined 684≤ İBY≤730 d for minimum CI and DO. Even though relation between AFC and diseases was not significant, it can be said that the same interval is advantageous for low disease incidence in Simmental cows. Furthermore, it can be accepted that the same interval is optimum also for the best lactation milk yield since it was not found a significant relationship among the average milk yields according to AFC. In conclusion, it can be said that planning the reproductive management practices according to these results will be beneficial for the optimal balance between economic benefit, animal health and milk yield.

Increase on environmental seasonality through the European Early Pleistocene inferred from dental enamel hypoplasia

“…Given the characteristic repetitive periodicity of hypoplasia episodes assessed in the pathological anterior dentition, the most likely cause of most pathologies observed in the sample studied here appears to be the repetitive and cyclical lack of nutrients. This interpretation is in line with that inferred in other studies, including those involving DEH in extant hippopotamuses 20 , 22 and other ungulates 14 , 15 , 24 .…”

“…In large mammals, such disturbances are often associated with periods of environmental and/or nutrient stresses, resulting in a metabolic stress that causes this pathological state 8 , 12 . Many studies of the relationships between DEH and the environmental conditions in which the individuals lived have been published 13 – 15 . The position, width, and depth of DEH can provide information on the age of occurrence of anomaly, the period of stress event, and the severity of the stressors 16 , 17 .…”

Commodification, Depiction and Objectification of Women in Pakistani Television Advertisements

“…Adil and Malik (2021) argued that the current trend of Pakistani advertisement has changed, which shows both male and female in the most advance and modern gender roles to promote gender equality in Pakistan. Nawaz et al, (2022) stated that the depiction of women in billboard advertisements is divided into three categories: women presented as household caretakers, a symbol of beauty who is more active than domestic women and lastly, women presented as an active agent of social change who challenges the stereotypical role of women in Pakistan.…”