Enabling Natural Graphite in High‐Voltage Aqueous Graphite || Zn Metal Dual‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

in storage batteries should be low acquisition and minimum maintenance cost, while a high energy density is not of major importance. [7] As sustainable solutions, these systems cannot afford the usage of rare elements (e.g., cobalt and nickel), which directly results in high material cost, and must exhibit extremely long cycle and calendar life. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently lead the market of high-energy and high-power batteries for portable electronics and transportation purposes. [4,5] Nevertheless, LIBs face the challenges of high cost, material abundance, and sustainability for the stationary market. [8] In recent years, several emerging battery technologies have attracted considerable attention for large-scale stationary energy storage, e.g., sodium-ion [9] and potassium-ion batteries; [10] systems that are key to transforming the energy infrastructure to overcome the intermittency of renewable energy. Among different aforementioned battery technologies, dualion batteries (DIBs) can be very competitive in terms of cost, material abundance, and sustainability for large-scale stationary storage because both the positive (cathode) and negative Safety and cost are the key metrics for large-scale energy storage. Due to the use of nonaqueous electrolytes and transition metal oxides in current lithium-ion battery technologies, safety, cost, and environmental issues are a significant cause for concern. Graphite is a promising cathode material for dual-ion batteries due to its high operating potential, low cost, and high safety. Nevertheless, it is challenging to find a suitable aqueous electrolyte due to the narrow electrochemical stability window (1.23 V). This work presents a graphite || zinc metal aqueous dual-ion battery of ≈2.3-2.5 V, a remarkably high voltage in aqueous zinc batteries, achieving >80% capacity retention after 200 cycles and delivering ≈110 mAh g-1 at a charge/discharge current of 200 mA g-1. A capacity of nearly 60 mAh g-1 is achieved at a charge/ discharge current of 5000 mA g-1. Natural graphite is enabled as a reversible cathode using a highly concentrated lithium-free bisalt aqueous electrolyte.

Advances and Prospects of Dual‐Ion Batteries

“…[75] Furthermore, Rodríguez-Pérez reported a Zngraphite DIB with completely aqueous electrolyte, which displayed 110 mAh g -1 capacity at 200 mA g -1 and >80% capacity retention after 200 cycles. [76] More recently, an aqueous electrolyte has also been applied in Na-based DIBs. Zhi et al developed a WiSE based Na-DIB with graphite cathode and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) organic anode.…”

A review of halide charge carriers for rocking‐chair and dual‐ion batteries

“…97 Superhalides, the anions of superhalogens (e.g., PF , [103][104][105] and imide-based anions (e.g., FSI − , TFSI − , etc.) [106][107][108][109][110] ) have begun to be explored as charge carriers in DIBs. 111,112 However, the use of other metalbased superhalides (e.g., Mg-Cl and Zn-Cl superhalides) as charge carriers is still a relatively uncharted research area.…”

“…In particular, PF 6 − , 86,87,98-102 BF 4 − , [103][104][105] and imide-based anions (e.g., FSI − , TFSI − , etc.) [106][107][108][109][110] have all been studied extensively. More recently, chloroaluminates (e.g., AlCl 4 − , Al 2 Cl 7 − ) have begun to be explored as charge carriers in DIBs.…”

Raman spectroscopy and correlative‐Raman technology excel as an optimal stage for carbon‐based electrode materials in electrochemical energy storage

“…The basic requirement of carbon-based materials as electrochemical energy storage electrode materials is good electrical conductivity. The most common carbon materials in electrochemical energy storage electrode materials include high purity graphite, [43,44] expanded graphite, [18] carbon nanomaterials (such as graphene [45] and carbon nanotubes), [46] carbon fiber, [19] and activated carbon. [47] Carbon materials have more complex surface chemical structures than metallic materials.…”