Emotional behavior in the domestic chicken (white leghorn) as a function of age and developmental environment.

Dk, Candland; Zm, Nagy; Dh, Conklyn

doi:10.1037/h0044918

Cited by 60 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the area of discriminated avoidance learning, Myers (1959), Meyer, Cho, and Wesemann (1960), and Feldman and Bremmer (1963) have reported the, tendency of rats to "freeze" during presentations of a warning signal, and have also reported that procedures designed to disrupt "freezing" and increase the animal's activity served to enhance avoidance rearning. The tendency of rats (Hall, 1936;Hayes, 1960;Welker, 1959;Windor and Stone, 1946), mice (Willingham, 1956), and chickens (Candland, Nagy, and Conklyn, 1963) to "freeze" during presentations of an aversive stimulus during an open field test has been thoroughly documented. Moreover, in previous studies on conditioned suppression, certain investigators have noted that the rat tends to crouch and assume some stylized position during a pre-shock stimulus (Brady and Hunt, 1955).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING¹

Stein

Hoffman

Stitt

1971

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Ethological recording procedures measured collateral behavior in pigeons whose key-pecking performance was suppressed during a tone that ended with unavoidable electric shock. Independent recordings of gross behavior were made by two observers throughout 60-sec intervals immediately before, during, and after tone presentation. Results indicated significant reductions in the frequency of collateral movements and an increase in the time between successive movements during tone presentations. These effects were observed in all subjects, despite differences in the sequential patterns of behavior. Only partial recovery of the behavior evidenced before tone presentation was found during a 60-sec interval following shock. It was concluded that conditioned suppression procedures caused the bird to "freeze" during tone presentation and in this fashion produced a general inhibitory effect on ongoing overt activity, including key pecking.A stimulus that repeatedly precedes an inescapable noxious event can acquire the capacity to reduce the rate of responding maintained by positive reinforcement (Estes and Skinner, 1941). This effect is known as conditioned suppression and has been suggested as a quantitative index of conditioned emotional behavior (Brady and Hunt, 1955).The conditioned suppression effect is frequently explained in terms of the elicitation of conditioned respondents during the pre-shock stimulus. Thus, Brady and Hunt (1955) characterized the conditioned suppression phenomenon as the result of a generalized or nonspecific inhibitory effect of the pre-shock stimulus on all overt behavior. They noted that when a rat trained to press a lever for food is subjected to the Estes-Skinner procedure, the disruption in lever pressing during the pre-shock stimulus is accompanied by characteristic crouching, immobility, and defecation. These reactions were subsumed under the term "freezing" and employed, in part, as evidence for an emotional state. Alternatively, Dinsmoor (1954, 1955 and Weiskrantz (1968) Weiskrantz (1968) proposed that movements that minimize the noxious qualities of a stimulus such as electric shock may increase in frequency during a pre-shock stimulus and physically prevent the subject from maintaining the baseline behavior. Thus, according to this view, to suggest that the pre-shock stimulus controls a conditioned emotional state that disrupts the rate of large classes of behavior through an inhibitory influence may be inappropriate or, at best, incomplete.The present study was designed to assess the behavioral changes produced by the EstesSkinner procedure in pigeons trained to peck a key under a schedule of food presentation. Specifically, the study was to determine whether the conditioned suppression phenomenon is characterized by a reduction in the rate of all ongoing behavioral movements (i.e., freezing) or whether, alternatively, subjects engage in other movements that increase in frequency during a pre-shock stimulus and prevent a maintenance of baseline responding. In the present research, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING¹

Stein

Hoffman

Stitt

1971

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Third, precocial birds that are at least a few days old show the same sort of fear behavior (crouching, distress calls, flight) in response to novel static settings that they do in response to novel moving objects (Hoffman, Ratner, & Eiserer, 1972;Malcom & Graves, 1977;Salzen, 1962; Experiment 3 in the present series). Fourth, just as a fear stimulus will induce a young precocial bird to more strongly approach a familiar moving object (Sluckin & Salzen, 1961), SO too will it induce approach to a manipulable, but otherwise static, object with which a bird has been reared (Candland, Nagy, & Conklyn, 1963). Finally, the finding by Bateson (l964b) that birds imprint toa moving object more readily if it is marked with the same distinctive visual pattern as are the walls of the birds' housing units implies a commonality of process in the formation of attachment to static environmental and moving social stimuli.…”

Section: General Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of filial attachment to static visual features of an imprinting object

Eiserer

1980

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…The positive results were considered as the effect of early environmental complexity (Broom, 1969;Candland, Nagy, & Conlin, 1963;Renner & Rosenzweig, 1987), guiding the ontogeny of the young nervous system in chicks and helping the chicks in preparing to solve forthcoming problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of early handling is dependent upon the state of the rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus) pups around nursing

Pongrácz

Altbäcker

1999

Dev. Psychobiol.

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Emotional behavior in the domestic chicken (white leghorn) as a function of age and developmental environment.

Cited by 60 publications

References 7 publications

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING¹

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING¹

Development of filial attachment to static visual features of an imprinting object

The effect of early handling is dependent upon the state of the rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus) pups around nursing

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Emotional behavior in the domestic chicken (white leghorn) as a function of age and developmental environment.

Cited by 60 publications

References 7 publications

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING1

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING1

Development of filial attachment to static visual features of an imprinting object

The effect of early handling is dependent upon the state of the rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus) pups around nursing

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Product

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COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING¹

COLLATERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON DURING CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OF KEY PECKING¹