Emoji questionnaires can be used with a range of population segments: Findings relating to age, gender and frequency of emoji/emoticon use

Jaeger, Sara R.; Xia, Yiming; Lee, Pui-Yee; Hunter, Denise C.; Beresford, Michelle K.; Ares, Gastón

doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.12.011

Cited by 73 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“… Jaeger et al (2018c) recently found that the use and interpretation of emoji is not influenced by age or frequency of emoji use, suggesting that the EmojiGrid may be a useful tool for users of all ages.…”

Section: General Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions

et al. 2018

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Research on food experience is typically challenged by the way questions are worded. We therefore developed the EmojiGrid: a graphical (language-independent) intuitive self-report tool to measure food-related valence and arousal. In a first experiment participants rated the valence and the arousing quality of 60 food images, using either the EmojiGrid or two independent visual analog scales (VAS). The valence ratings obtained with both tools strongly agree. However, the arousal ratings only agree for pleasant food items, but not for unpleasant ones. Furthermore, the results obtained with the EmojiGrid show the typical universal U-shaped relation between the mean valence and arousal that is commonly observed for a wide range of (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) affective stimuli, while the VAS tool yields a positive linear association between valence and arousal. We hypothesized that this disagreement reflects a lack of proper understanding of the arousal concept in the VAS condition. In a second experiment we attempted to clarify the arousal concept by asking participants to rate the valence and intensity of the taste associated with the perceived food items. After this adjustment the VAS and EmojiGrid yielded similar valence and arousal ratings (both showing the universal U-shaped relation between the valence and arousal). A comparison with the results from the first experiment showed that VAS arousal ratings strongly depended on the actual wording used, while EmojiGrid ratings were not affected by the framing of the associated question. This suggests that the EmojiGrid is largely self-explaining and intuitive. To test this hypothesis, we performed a third experiment in which participants rated food images using the EmojiGrid without an associated question, and we compared the results to those of the first two experiments. The EmojiGrid ratings obtained in all three experiments closely agree. We conclude that the EmojiGrid appears to be a valid and intuitive affective self-report tool that does not rely on written instructions and that can efficiently be used to measure food-related emotions.

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Section: General Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions

et al. 2018

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“…(We will return to these arguments later). However, while emoji may have communicative purposes, substantial research has shown that there are often significant differences in the ways that people interpret their meaning (Cramer et al, 2016;Jaeger et al, 2017;Miller et al, 2016;Sugiyama, 2015). Miller et al's (2016) survey of users based in the USA showed that the 304 recruited participants only agreed on the meaning of emoji in 25% of cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emoji and communicative action: The semiotics, sequence and gestural actions of ‘face covering hand’

Gibson

Huang

2018

Discourse, Context & Media

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This paper uses conversation analysis to explore the communicative functions of one emoji in a mobile reading community in China. In contrast to semiotic approaches to emoji that focus on their cultural signification, or that treat them as reflections of users' inner intensions, we analyse emoji as communication phenomena by exploring their relation to other textual actions in the production of text-talk. The emoji analysed here functioned as a laughter token, and performed specific interactional work related to laughter. We conclude that conversation analysis offers an important corrective to abstracted semiotic analysis and a useful resource for exploring the demonstrable meaning of emoji for interlocutors. However, we also emphasise the importance of capturing the process of composing messages, the challenges of dealing with the variety of forms that emoji take and their relation to gestural and other actions in face to face communication.

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“…They were also shown to be more familiar with emoji and to use them more frequently compared to men [21,34,35]. However, other studies did not report gender differences in the interpretation of emoji when using emoji questionnaires [36].…”

Section: Neutral Facementioning

confidence: 91%

The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents

Sick

Monteleone

Pierguidi

et al. 2020

Foods

Self Cite

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Ongoing research has shown that emoji can be used by children to discriminate food products, but it is unclear if they express emotions and how they are linked to emotional words. Little is known about how children interpret emoji in terms of their emotional meaning in the context of food. This study aimed at investigating the emotional meaning of emoji used to describe food experiences in 9–13-year-old pre-adolescents and to measure related age and gender differences. The meaning of 46 emoji used to describe food experience was explored by: mapping emoji according to similarities and differences in their emotional meaning using the projective mapping technique, and linking emoji with emotion words using a check-all-that-apply (CATA) format. The two tasks gave consistent results and showed that emoji were discriminated along the valence (positive vs. negative) and power (dominant vs. submissive) dimension, and to a lower extent along the arousal dimension (high vs. low activation). In general, negative emoji had more distinct meanings than positive emoji in both studies, but differences in nuances of meaning were found also among positive emoji. Girls and older pre-adolescents (12–13 years old (y.o.)) discriminated positive emoji slightly better than boys and younger pre-adolescents (9–11 y.o.). This suggests that girls and older pre-adolescents may be higher in emotional granularity (the ability to experience and discriminate emotions), particularly of positive emotions. The results of the present work can be used for the development of an emoji-based tool to measure emotions elicited by foods in pre-adolescents.

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Emoji questionnaires can be used with a range of population segments: Findings relating to age, gender and frequency of emoji/emoticon use

Cited by 73 publications

References 28 publications

EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions

EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions

Emoji and communicative action: The semiotics, sequence and gestural actions of ‘face covering hand’

The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents

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