Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from light-duty diesel vehicles exhaust

Nature and sources of particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the atmospheric environment of an urban area

“…The presence of Flt, Phe and An can be attributed to both coal combustion and vehicular exhaust emissions (Abrantes et al, 2004;Ho et al, 2002). Coal is one of the main fuels used in Aragón for power generation representing 25% of the generated energy in 2008 so this factor was considered as coal combustion emissions.…”

Sources, Distribution and Toxicity of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Particulate Matter

“…LMW PAHs are the dominant PAHs emitted from light-duty vehicles. According to the report of PAH emissions from vehicles by Abrantes et al (2004), total EFs of PAHs from the exhaust of light-duty diesel vehicles ranged from 1.133 to 5.801 mg/km with emissions dominated by LWM PAHs. EFs reported for heavy-duty vehicles (MSC-E, 2001) and light-duty vehicles were 11.4-82.1 µg/km and 28.2 µg/km, respectively.…”

Analytical Methodologies for the Control of Particle-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds from Diesel Engine Exhaust

“…XAD-2 resins are also often Soxhlet extracted over the course of 8 hours with 120 mL of methylene chloride [53], whereas mixtures of PAHs and nitro-PAHs can be better extracted from XAD-16 resins using 300 mL of methylene chloride:acetonitrile 3:1 (v:v) for 16 hours [21]; the extracts are then concentrated to 1-2 mL using rotary evaporators or under nitrogen flow, and they must be purified before analysis to eliminate matrix interferences. For the cleanup process, the concentrated solutions can be introduced into a silica column that contains anhydrous sodium sulphate to exclude water, and then eluted with 20 mL of methylene chloride:hexane 1:2 (to recover PAHs) and 30 mL of acetone:hexane 1:2 (to better recover nitro-PAHs).…”

“…Therefore, we can also find these materials for the collection of semi-volatile PAHs and nitro-PAHs in the gas phase of diesel exhaust, because they are inexpensive and easy to handle, store and transport. Different adsorbent resins, such as XAD-2 or XAD-16, coupled to PUF cartridges (making "sandwiches" cartridges) can be used to collect PAHs in the gaseous phase [53][54]. The gaseous PAHs can also be collected using an annular denuder coated with different sorbents: the first stage is coated with XAD-4 resin, the second stage collects the particulate matter and the third stage is composed of a "sandwich" of polyurethane foam plugs and XAD-4 resin, to assess the volatilisation of PAHs from particles [55].…”