Emergence of Vibrio cholerae serotype Hikojima in northern Tamil Nadu

Chandralekha, C; Veligandla, Gowri; Vanaja, R.

doi:10.4103/0970-0218.84142

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Cholera is a debilitating diarrhoeal disease caused by an invasion of the body with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae of serogroups O1 and O139, with the former having serotypes Inaba, Ogawa and Hikojima [ 1 , 2 ]. It is a serious global health threat in developing countries where cholera infects about 3.5 million yearly [ 3 ] and a growing concern in endemic countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity and waning immunity from the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) in adults residing in Lukanga Swamps of Zambia

et al. 2022

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Introduction In cholera endemic areas, the periodicity of cholera outbreaks remains unpredictable, making it difficult to organize preventive efforts. Lack of data on duration of protection conferred by oral cholera vaccines further makes it difficult to determine when to deploy preemptive vaccination. We report on the immunogenicity and waning of immunity to Shanchol™ in Lukanga Swamps. Methods We enrolled a cohort of 223 participants aged between 18 and 65 years old from whom serum samples were collected at baseline, day 28 before administration of the second dose, and consecutively at 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months. Vibriocidal antibody titres were measured and expressed as geometric mean titres. Box plots and 95% CI were computed at each visit for both Inaba and Ogawa. Seroconversion was defined as a four fold or greater increase in antibody titres compared to baseline titres. Results Overall, seroconversion against V. cholerae Inaba and Ogawa after 1st dose was 35/134 (26%) and 34/134 (25%) respectively. We observed a statistical difference in seroconversion between the two subgroups of baseline titres (low <80 and high ≥80) for both Inaba (p = 0.02) and Ogawa (p<0.0001). From a baseline of 13.58, anti-Ogawa GMT increased to 21.95 after the first dose, but rapidly waned to 14.52, 13.13, and 12.78 at months 6, 12 and 24 respectively, and then increased to 13.21, 18.67 and 23.65 at months 30, 36 and 48 respectively. A similar trend was observed for anti-Inaba GMT across the same time points. Conclusion We found that Shanchol™ was immunogenic in our study population and that vibriocidal antibodies may not be a good marker for long-term immunity. The observed rise in titres after 36 months suggests natural exposure, and this may be a critical time window opening for natural transmission in an endemic areas. We recommend re-vaccination at this time point in high risk areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity and waning immunity from the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) in adults residing in Lukanga Swamps of Zambia

et al. 2022

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“…This reduces the epidemiological interest of serotype determination [35]. On the other hand, some studies have reported that the Hikojima serotype is known to be very unstable and has been shown to interconvert and undergo serotype switching [38]. Our study therefore suggests the value of close monitoring and surveillance of the prevalent serotype.…”

Section: Biological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects of Cholera Epidemics in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo between January 2011 and June 2022

AYONGA¹,

WEMBULUA²,

Fatimata³

et al. 2023

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

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Introduction:Nearly 4 million cases of cholera are reported each year worldwide, including 189,000 (5 to 14%) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The eastern provinces, known as "hot spots", report more than half of these cases.Objective: Describe the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of cholera in eastern DRC.Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retro-prospective descriptive and analytical study of Vibrio cholerae (Vc) O1 isolates collected at the North Kivu provincial public health laboratory (AMI LABO) from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2022.Results: A total of 4,709 out of 17,443 suspected cholera cases have been confirmed, representing a prevalence of 26.99%. Only 4382 isolates fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The majority of samples (72.46%, n = 3175) came from the province of North Kivu. Half of the patients (51.5%, n = 2258) were male with a median age of 11 years [IQR: 4-25]. Children under 14 accounted for 57.8% of cases (2535/4382). Of the 3 serotypes isolated, the serovar Inaba was the majority (57.6%, n = 2522). Over 90% of 83 Vc Hikojima strains and 98.9% of 1777 Vc Ogawa strains were isolated between 2019 and 2022, making them emerging strains in the region. Very high levels of resistance were found to ampicillin (74.7%), nalidixic acid (83.8%), erythromycin (73.6%), chloramphenicol (68.8%) and Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim (82%). On the other hand, quinolones (except nalidixic acid), macrolides (except erythromycin) and cyclins remained relatively sensitive. Conclusion:Cholera remains a real public health problem in eastern DRC. Hence the importance of strengthening epidemiological surveillance, improving hygiene conditions and access to drinking water.

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Dissecting serotype-specific contributions to live oral cholera vaccine efficacy

Sit

Fakoya

Zhang

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae causes pandemic cholera and is divided into the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. The O-antigen is V. cholerae’s immunodominant antigen, and the two serotypes, which differ by the presence or absence of a terminally methylated O-antigen, likely influence development of immunity to cholera and oral cholera vaccines (OCVs). However, there is no consensus regarding the relative immunological potency of each serotype, in part because previous studies relied on genetically heterogeneous strains. Here, we engineered matched serotype variants of a live OCV candidate, HaitiV, and used a germfree mouse model to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of each vaccine serotype. By combining vibriocidal antibody quantification with single- and mixed-strain infection assays, we found that all three HaitiV variants—InabaV, OgawaV, and HikoV (bivalent Inaba/Ogawa)—were immunogenic and protective. None of the vaccine serotypes were superior across both of these vaccine metrics, suggesting that the impact of O1-serotype variation in OCV design, although detectable, is subtle. However, all three live vaccines significantly outperformed formalin-killed HikoV, supporting the idea that live OCV usage will bolster current cholera control practices. The potency of OCVs was found to be challenge strain-dependent, emphasizing the importance of appropriate strain selection for cholera challenge studies. Our findings and experimental approaches will be valuable for guiding the development of live OCVs and oral vaccines for additional pathogens.

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Emergence of Vibrio cholerae serotype Hikojima in northern Tamil Nadu

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Immunogenicity and waning immunity from the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) in adults residing in Lukanga Swamps of Zambia

Immunogenicity and waning immunity from the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) in adults residing in Lukanga Swamps of Zambia

Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects of Cholera Epidemics in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo between January 2011 and June 2022

Dissecting serotype-specific contributions to live oral cholera vaccine efficacy

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