Embryotoxicity of Corexit 9500 in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Wooten, Kimberly J.; Finch, Bryson E.; Smith, Philip

doi:10.1007/s10646-011-0822-y

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…During the spill 7 million liters of Corexit 9500 and 9527 oil dispersant was applied, 4.1 million liters was applied to the surface while 2.9 million was applied sub-surface (National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 2011). Multiple studies show low to moderate toxicity of Corexit oil dispersants, both as the dispersant alone and when mixed with crude oil (US EPA, 2011; Anderson et al, 2009; George-Ares and Clark, 2000; Goodrich et al, 1991; Wooten et al, 2012). The environmental impact of the application of oil dispersant at these unprecedented volumes is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace analysis of surfactants in Corexit oil dispersant formulations and seawater

Place

Perkins

Sinclair

et al. 2016

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

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After the April 2010 explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, and subsequent release of millions of barrels of oil, two Corexit oil dispersant formulations were used in unprecedented quantities both on the surface and sub-surface of the Gulf of Mexico. Although the dispersant formulations contain four classes of surfactants, current studies to date focus on the anionic surfactant, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (DOSS). Factors affecting the integrity of environmental and laboratory samples for Corexit analysis have not been systematically investigated. For this reason, a quantitative analytical method was developed for the detection of all four classes of surfactants, as well as the hydrolysis products of DOSS, the enantiomeric mixture of α- and β-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (α-/β-EHSS). The analytical method was then used to evaluate which practices for sample collection, storage, and analysis resulted in high quality data. Large volume, direct injection of seawater followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) minimized analytical artifacts, analysis time, and both chemical and solid waste. Concentrations of DOSS in the seawater samples ranged from 71 – 13,000 ng/L, while the nonionic surfactants including Span 80, Tween 80, Tween 85 were detected infrequently (26% of samples) at concentrations from 840 – 9100 ng/L. The enantiomers α-/β-EHSS were detected in seawater, at concentrations from 200 – 1,900 ng/L, and in both Corexit dispersant formulations, indicating α-/β-EHSS were applied to the oil spill and may be not unambiguous indicator of DOSS degradation. Best practices are provided to ensure sample integrity and data quality for environmental monitoring studies and laboratory that require the detection and quantification of Corexit-based surfactants in seawater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace analysis of surfactants in Corexit oil dispersant formulations and seawater

Place

Perkins

Sinclair

et al. 2016

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

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“…Wooten et al . () reported exposure to Corexit 9500A significantly impaired development and reduced hatching success of fertilized mallard duck eggs. Studies in marine invertebrates and fish have shown significant toxicity of oil and Corexit alone and in combination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study by Wooten et al . () showed exposure to Corexit 9500A significantly impaired development and reduced hatching success of fertilized mallard duck eggs. Valuable information about the immunotoxicity of individual PAHs has been provided in a number of studies (Burchiel & Luster, ; Gao & Burchiel, ; van Grevenynghe et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this end, few mammalian toxicity studies related to dispersant mixtures were available at the time of the spill, with only one in vivo study of an oral exposure in rats that demonstrated adverse gastrointestinal effects from Corexit (George et al, 2001). A study by Wooten et al (2012) showed exposure to Corexit 9500A significantly impaired development and reduced hatching success of fertilized mallard duck eggs. Valuable information about the immunotoxicity of individual PAHs has been provided in a number of studies (Burchiel & Luster, 2001;Gao & Burchiel, 2014;van Grevenynghe et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunotoxic effects ofin vitroexposure of dolphin lymphocytes to Louisiana sweet crude oil and Corexit™

et al. 2016

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The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was one of the worst environmental disasters on record in the United States. Response efforts to reduce the magnitude of the oil slick included the use of thousands of gallons of the chemical dispersant Corexit™ in surface and deep-water environments. The immunotoxicity of Louisiana sweet crude oil and the chemical dispersant Corexit was examined using lymphocyte proliferation (LP) and natural killer cell (NK) assays as measures of impact on the adaptive (LP) and innate (NK) immune response in bottlenose dolphins. Study results show that both high-energy media-accommodated fractions (MAF) and chemically enhanced MAF (CEMAF) mixtures modulate immune function. Following exposure to Louisiana sweet crude, both B- and T-cell proliferation of white blood cells was increased for all exposure concentrations, compared to control; however, this increase was only significant for the 50% and 100% treatments. In contrast, exposure of white blood cells to the CEMAF mixture significantly decreased both T- and B-cell proliferation in the 25%, 50% and 100% treatments. NK cell activity was enhanced significantly by CEMAF mixtures for the 50% and 100% treatments. The immunosuppression of LP at environmentally relevant concentrations of oil and dispersant suggests that marine mammals may be unable to mount an adequate defense against xenobiotic threats following exposure to oil and dispersant, leaving them more susceptible to disease. In contrast, NK cell activity was significantly enhanced, which may increase an organism's tumor or viral surveillance ability by mounting an enhanced immune response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Although there have been multiple studies in a variety of species focusing on the toxicity of Corexit and other dispersants (Almeda, Hyatt, & Buskey, 2014;Hemmer et al, 2011;Toyota, McNabb, Spyropoulos, Iguchi, & Kohno, 2017;Wooten, Finch, & Smith, 2012), studies on sublethal and long-term effects of Corexit have been limited.…”

Section: Endocrine Activity Of Corexit 9500mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oil dispersant Corexit 9500 is weakly estrogenic, but does not skew the sex ratio in Alligator mississippiensis

McNabb

Bernhard

Brunell

et al. 2019

J of Applied Toxicology

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During the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, vast quantities of a chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 were applied in remediation efforts. In addition to the acute toxicity, it is essential to evaluate Corexit further with a broader scope of long‐term sublethal endocrine endpoints. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is an excellent organism for such an endeavor. It exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination, in which egg incubation temperatures during a thermosensitive period (TSP) in embryonic development determine the sex of embryos. Estrogen signals play a critical role in this process. For example, a single exposure to exogenous estrogen during the TSP overrides the effects of temperature and leads to skewed sex ratios. At a concentration of 100 ppm, Corexit significantly induced transcriptional activity of both alligator nuclear estrogen receptors 1 and 2 in vitro in reporter gene assays. To investigate the estrogenic effects of Corexit on gonadal development, alligator eggs were exposed to Corexit at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.25, 2.5 and 25 ppm) before the TSP in ovo. Exposure to Corexit at 0.25 and 25 ppm significantly delayed hatching and growth. Corexit exposure at any treatment level did not affect sex ratios or testicular mRNA abundance as measured at 1‐week post‐hatching, suggesting that the combination of Corexit components did not synergize enough to induce ovarian development in ovo. These results point to a need for further investigations on individual and combined components of Corexit to understand better their long‐term effects on the development and reproductive health of alligators and other coastal aquatic wildlife.

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Embryotoxicity of Corexit 9500 in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Trace analysis of surfactants in Corexit oil dispersant formulations and seawater

Trace analysis of surfactants in Corexit oil dispersant formulations and seawater

Immunotoxic effects ofin vitroexposure of dolphin lymphocytes to Louisiana sweet crude oil and Corexit™

Oil dispersant Corexit 9500 is weakly estrogenic, but does not skew the sex ratio in Alligator mississippiensis

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