Embedded inertial measurement unit reveals pole lean angle for cross-country skiing

Bruzzo, John; Perkins, Noel C.; Mikkola, Aki

doi:10.1007/s12283-019-0316-3

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Refs. [ 23 , 24 ] used IMUs on ski poles to determine pole angles and forces during downhill, in-field ski runs. Plantar boot pressure sensors were utilized by [ 25 ] to analyze the carving technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed IMU Sensors for In-Field Dynamic Measurements on an Alpine Ski

Beuken,

Priest,

Hainsworth

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Modern ski design is an inherently time-consuming process that involves an iterative feedback loop comprised of design, manufacturing and in-field qualitative evaluations. Additionally consumers can only rely on qualitative evaluation for selecting the ideal ski, and due to the variation in skier styles and ability levels, consumers can find it to be an inconsistent and expensive experience. We propose supplementing the design and evaluation process with data from in-field prototype testing, using a modular sensor array that can be ported to nearly any ski. This paper discusses a new distributed Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) suite, including details regarding the design and operation, sensor validation experiments, and outdoor in-field testing results. Data are collected from a set of spatially distributed IMUs located on the upper surface of the ski. We demonstrate that this system and associated post-processing algorithms provide accurate data at a high rate (>700 Hz), enabling the measurement of both structural and rigid ski characteristics, and are robust to repetitive testing in outdoor winter conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed IMU Sensors for In-Field Dynamic Measurements on an Alpine Ski

Beuken,

Priest,

Hainsworth

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…For other sports, such as swimming, the measurement of speed using tachometers and time is commonly used to measure performance (15). An article evaluating ski sport dynamics used inertial measurement units (IMU), which can accurately measure 3D movements and acceleration (16)(17)(18)(19), and load cells to obtain objective data from different ski sports (20). By combining objective force and acceleration measurements, it is possible to create a system that can accurately measure the real-time effort from athletes in watts (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless sensor system for real-time performance monitoring in sports

Berg,

Døsvik,

Skjølsvik

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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In Paralympic sports, investigating seating ergonomics and optimizing for performance is crucial due to individual impairments. Usually, experiments are conducted in laboratory environments and for skiing, usually on a treadmill. In this paper, we are moving experiments out of the laboratory setting to in-slope performance monitoring of kinetics and kinematics. A wireless sensor system is developed and validated in terms of delay. The results show a median delay of 52 ms for the wired main system and 53 ms for the wireless sub-system. The sensor system was implemented on a highly adjustable Paralympic sit-ski, and an experiment was conducted to pinpoint optimal equipment settings for an individual athlete. In addition, the system provided force data from both knees, seat, belt, and both poles. The data collected can also be used to analyze the technique, in addition to assisting in the classification process in the LW10–12 class. The proposed system design also allows for adding a vast amount of different sensor types, and by testing for delay, synchronized with well-known GNSS and IMU sensors already used in many sports to analyze athlete performance.

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“…Goniometers can be used to determine joint angles [18], [20], and a chain of goniometers would determine the pole orientation. Cameras are more commonly used to determine pole orientation [19], [23], [25], but they are challenging to implement outside of laboratory environments. IMUs are a third alternative [23,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cameras are more commonly used to determine pole orientation [19], [23], [25], but they are challenging to implement outside of laboratory environments. IMUs are a third alternative [23,29]. They are commonly used to generate input for flight controllers in drones and can accurately measure 3D movement and acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Force Orientation Measurement: Evaluating Ski Sport Dynamics

Sletten

Eikevag²,

Silseth

et al. 2021

IEEE Sensors J.

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A modular sensor application for measuring athlete performance in skiing sports was developed. Using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and load cells in a modular system, a force orientation measurement system, FOMS, was developed. A functioning prototype capable of measuring ski sports dynamics was created. Data processing using the system, a validation of the prototype in terms of angle measurement IMU accuracy, example data from in-field athlete testing, and visualization by animations are described. The system developed contains four subsystems: a controller, two pole measuring modules, and a terrain-measuring module. The system structure also allows for additional modules, making the system applicable to different sports. The IMUs use orientation-sensing components to measure pole orientations, which are used to calculate decomposed forces relative to the terrain. Data from different modules are synchronized using wireless communication and saved on SD cards with time stamps. A validation experiment was conducted in which the angles from the modules were compared with the Oqus motion capture system from Qualisys. Examples for athlete testing in both cross country and alpine skiing were calculated from the matrix provided by the different modules and are presented in graphs to evaluate the athlete. In addition, the relative pole/terrain coordinates are visualized in 2D and 3D animations for analyzing the movement pattern in connection with the applied forces, opening up a whole new level of sports analysis.

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Embedded inertial measurement unit reveals pole lean angle for cross-country skiing

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Distributed IMU Sensors for In-Field Dynamic Measurements on an Alpine Ski

Distributed IMU Sensors for In-Field Dynamic Measurements on an Alpine Ski

Wireless sensor system for real-time performance monitoring in sports

Force Orientation Measurement: Evaluating Ski Sport Dynamics

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