Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel alloys

Gardner, Leroy; Insausti, A.; Ng, K.T.; Ashraf, Mahmud

doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.12.016

Cited by 222 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…While maintaining the loads at these levels, with the testing machine set to load control, the furnace temperature was increased by 10°C/min until failure. The heating rate of 10˚C/min is similar to the rate of temperature increase of protected steelwork during a fire [39]. The actual rate of temperature increase experienced by a reinforcing bar embedded in concrete in typical fire conditions depends on the type of aggregate, cover and thermal gradient through the cross-section and is difficult to measure experimentally, though the high thermal inertia of reinforced concrete structural elements will result in relatively slow rates of temperature increase through the cross-section.…”

Section: Transient-state (Anisothermal) Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since this standard was published, a significant amount of further research has been carried out into the performance of stainless steel in fire [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] and more data are available on the performance of a larger number of stainless steels suitable for structural applications. In the next edition of EN 1993-1-2, it is therefore proposed to include eight generic sets of reduction factors which describe the elevated temperature behaviour for a group of stainless steels, instead of a set of reduction factors for each specific grade of stainless steel [39].…”

Section: Fire Resistant Design Of Structural Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Gardner

Francis

et al. 2016

Construction and Building Materials

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Corrosion of carbon steel reinforcing bar can lead to deterioration of concrete structures, especially in regions where road salt is heavily used or in areas close to sea water. Although stainless steel reinforcing bar costs more than carbon steel, its selective use for high risk elements is cost-effective when the whole life costs of the structure are taken into account. Considerations for specifying stainless steel reinforcing bars and a review of applications are presented herein. Attention is then given to the elevated temperature properties of stainless steel reinforcing bars, which are needed for structural fire design, but have been unexplored to date. A programme of isothermal and anisothermal tensile tests on four types of stainless steel reinforcing bar is described: 1.4307 (304L), 1.4311 (304LN), 1.4162 (LDX 2101  ) and 1.4362 (2304). Bars of diameter 12 mm and 16 mm were studied, plain round and ribbed. Reduction factors were calculated for the key strength, stiffness and ductility properties and compared to equivalent factors for stainless steel plate and strip, as well as those for carbon steel reinforcement. The test results demonstrate that the reduction factors for 0.2% proof strength, strength at 2% strain and ultimate strength derived for stainless steel plate and strip can also be applied to stainless steel reinforcing bar. Revised reduction factors for ultimate strain and fracture strain at elevated temperatures have been proposed. The ability of two-stage Ramberg-Osgood expressions to capture accurately the stress-strain response of stainless steel reinforcement at both room temperature and elevated temperatures is also demonstrated.

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Section: Transient-state (Anisothermal) Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Resistant Design Of Structural Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Gardner

Francis

et al. 2016

Construction and Building Materials

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“…The second strain hardening exponent was denoted n 0.2,1.0 . A further two-stage model was also proposed by Gardner et al [10] for application to stainless steel material modelling in fire. In the proposal, the second stage of the curve passed through the stress at 2% total strain, since this strength is widely used in structural fire design.…”

Section: Existing Materials Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of stress–strain curves for stainless steel alloys

2015

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Aquesta és una còpia de la versió author's final draft d'un article publicat a la revista Materials and Design. ABSTRACTThere is a wide variety of stainless steel alloys, but all are characterized by a rounded stressstrain response with no sharply defined yield point. This behaviour can be represented analytically by different material models, the most popular of which are based on the RambergOsgood formulations or extensions thereof. The degree of roundedness, the level of strain hardening, the strain at ultimate stress and the ductility at fracture of the material all vary between grades, and need to be suitably captured for an accurate representation of the material to be achieved. The aim of the present study is to provide values and predictive expressions for the key parameters in existing stainless steel material models based on the analysis of a comprehensive experimental database. The database comprises experimental stress-strain curves collected from the literature, supplemented by some tensile tests on austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steel coupons conducted herein. It covers a range of stainless steel alloys, annealed and cold-worked material, and data from the rolling and transverse directions. In total, more than 600 measured stress-strain curves have been collected from 15 international research groups. Each curve from the database has been analysed in order to obtain the key material parameters through a curve fitting process based on least squares adjustment techniques. These parameter values have been compared to those calculated from existing predictive models, the 2 accuracy of which could therefore be evaluated. Revised expressions providing more accurate parameter predictions have been proposed where necessary. Finally, a second set of results, containing material parameters reported directly by others, with information of more than 400 specimens, has also been collected from the literature. Although these experimental results were not accessible as measured raw data, they enabled further confirmation of the suitability of the proposed equations. KEYWORDSConstitutive law, material modelling, nonlinear stress-strain behaviour, stress-strain curves, stainless steel, tensile tests HIGHLIGHTS  Tensile tests on austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steel coupons are presented.  A database of over 600 stainless steel stress-strain curves has been collected.

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“…Three different failure modes were identified from the experiments: (1) a shear dominant failure featuring shear buckling of the plate girder web, (2) a bending dominant failure featuring local buckling of the plate girder compression flange and (3) a combined bending plus shear failure, involving an interaction of failure modes (1) and (2). These three observed failure modes are discussed below.…”

Section: Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A new breed of stainless steel has been developed with low nickel content (around 1.5%), which may offer improved economy over existing grades. The material, referred to as lean duplex stainless steel, possesses higher strength than the austenitic grades, is less expensive, retains good corrosion resistance and high temperature properties, and has adequate weldability and fracture toughness [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of the shear response of lean duplex stainless steel plate girders

Saliba

Gardner

2013

Engineering Structures

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An experimental and numerical study of the shear response of lean duplex stainless steel plate girders is described in this paper. A total of nine welded plate girders were tested. Lean duplex stainless steel, which is a low nickel variety of the material, has approximately twice the strength of the common austenitic grades and at approximately half the initial cost. It also possesses good corrosion resistance and high temperature properties, as well as adequate weldability and fracture toughness. Two web panel aspect ratios and a range of web slendernesses were considered. The results from the experiments, including the full load-deformation histories and failure models are reported. A numerical investigation was carried out in parallel with the testing. The models were first validated against the experimental results after which parametric studies were performed to generate data for a wider range of cross-sections. The generated experimental and numerical data were used to assess the shear resistance design equations given in Eurocode 3: Part 1.4. The current design provisions were shown to be safely applicable to lean duplex stainless steel, though improved guidance is sought in further ongoing research. Saliba, N. and Gardner, L. (2013). Experimental study of the shear response of lean duplex stainless steel plate girders. Engineering Structures. 46,[375][376][377][378][379][380][381][382][383][384][385][386][387][388][389][390][391]

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Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel alloys

Cited by 222 publications

References 22 publications

Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Description of stress–strain curves for stainless steel alloys

Experimental study of the shear response of lean duplex stainless steel plate girders

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