“…However, large band gap (3.2 eV), which accounts for merely 5% of the solar photons, limits its photoresponse to ultraviolet light, thereby hampering its wide use [8]. Many studies, such as coupling with small band gap semiconductor [9,10], dye sensitization [11], and doping with metal and non-metal ions [12,13] have been carried out to develop the visible photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 .…”