Electronic waste (e-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria

Nnorom, Innocent C.; Osibanjo, Oladele

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.012

Cited by 272 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…There are no adequate international regulations to mandate proper management of e-waste, creating a flow to poor countries where cottage industries have emerged to mine precious and semi-precious metals such as gold and copper from the waste [1][2][3]. Artisanal use of combustion to mine e-waste has been documented extensively in China, India, Pakistan, Ghana, and Nigeria [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of toxic ash from artisanal mining of discarded cellphones

Hibbert

Ogunseitan

2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t s• We simulated artisanal incineration of four component categories of cellphones.• We identified metals and organic chemicals in the resulting electronic waste ash.• We used USETox model to demonstrate potential ecotoxicity and human health impacts.• We identify targets for risk reduction for hazardous chemicals in cellphones. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tThe potential environmental and human health impacts of artisanal mining of electronic waste through open incineration were investigated. A market-representative set of cellphones was dismantled into four component categories-batteries, circuit boards, plastics and screens. The components were shredded, sieved and incinerated at 743-818• C. The concentrations of 17 metals were determined using U.S. EPA methods 6010C (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; 6020A (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, or 7471B and 7470A (cold-vapor atomic absorption). EPA Method 8270 (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) was used to identify polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. EPA Method 8082A was used to measure polychlorinated biphenyls and EPA Method 8290 was used for dioxin/furans in the residue ash. The life cycle assessment model USEtox ® was used to estimate impacts of the ash residue chemicals on human health and the ecosystem. Among metals, copper in printed circuit boards had the highest ecotoxicity impact (1610-1930 PAF m 3 /kg); Beryllium in plastics had the highest impact on producing non-cancer diseases (0.14-0.44 cases/kg of ash); and Nickel had the largest impact on producing cancers (0.093-0.35 cases/kg of ash). Among organic chemicals, dioxins from incinerated batteries produced the largest ecotoxicological impact (1.07E − 04 to 3.64E − 04 PAF m 3 /kg). Furans in incinerated batteries can generate the largest number of cancers and non-cancer diseases, representing 8.12E − 09 to 2.28E − 08 and 8.96E − 10 and 2.52E − 09 cases/kg of ash, respectively. The results reveal hazards of burning discarded cellphones to recover precious metals, and pinpoints opportunities for manufacturers to reduce toxic materials used in specific electronic components marketed globally.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of toxic ash from artisanal mining of discarded cellphones

Hibbert

Ogunseitan

2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Brazil (Araújo et al 2012 ), China (Liu et al 2006 ;Yang et al 2008 ;Chung 2012 ;Zhang et al 2012 ;Habuer et al 2014 ;Li et al 2015 ), Chile (Steubing et al 2010 ), Czech Republic (Polak and Drapalova 2012 ), Germany (Walk 2009 ), Hong Kong (Chung et al 2011 ;Lau et al 2013 ), India (Dwivedy and Mittal 2010a , b ), Indonesia (Andarani and Goto 2014 ), Iran (Rahmani et al 2014 ;Alavi et al 2015 ), Japan (Yamasue et al 2007 ;Oguchi et al 2008 ;Yoshida et al 2009 ), Nigeria Nnorom and Osibanjo 2008 ), South Korea (Lee et al 2007 ;Kim et al 2013 ), Spain (Gutierrez et al 2010 ), USA (Kang and Schoenung 2006 ;Leigh et al 2007 ;Kahhat and Williams 2012 ;Lam et al 2013 ;Schumacher et al 2014 ), and in the global economy (Yu et al 2010 ). Some studies have estimated fl ows of specifi c materials contained in e-waste such as steel, aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc (Yamasue et al 2007 ;Lam et al 2013 ;Habuer et al 2014 ) and parts such as lithium-ion batteries (Chang et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: End-of-life Vehicles and E-wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Material Flow Analysis and Waste Management

Moriguchi

Hashimoto

2016

Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology

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Material fl ow analysis (MFA, also known as Material Flow Accounting) has become one of the basic tools in industrial ecology, since its pioneering development by Ayres. This chapter reviews progress in MFA with emphasis on the use of MFA to support waste management and recycling policy.Waste statistics are compiled in most developed and some developing countries, but the basis is insuffi ciently standardized so that care is needed in making comparisons between countries. This also applies to recycling fl ows, which are diffi cult to defi ne and quantify. Waste arising from demolition can be predicted by dynamic modeling which also predicts future resource demand, but the discrepancies between predicted and reported waste quantities can be large due to "missing" or "dissipated" stock. Metals represent an important and valuable component of waste; metals in endof-life vehicles and e-waste in particular need to be quantifi ed for their recycling and ecological and human health impact assessment. MFA has also been applied to international trade of secondhand products containing metals. MFA studies on phosphorus have revealed potential ways to increase recovery that go beyond recycling from obvious wastes.

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“…As a source of water which is indispensable to human life, it is the subject of increasing attention in many regions of the world on account of its cardinal or 'pivotal role' in human and economic development. 165 Although the quantity of water on earth does not change appreciably and has remained the same for billions of years, 97% is saltwater that is not useful for either human consumption or for agricultural applications except after expensive desalination processes. The bulk of the world's fresh water is inaccessible water contained largely in glaciers in the Polar Regions of Antarctica and Greenland, and beyond human reach.…”

Section: Chapter 3: the Nature Characteristics And Importance Of Gromentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable groundwater management in Lagos, Nigeria: the regulatory framework

Ogunba

2015

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This doctoral research focuses on groundwater degradation in Lagos, Nigeria.Groundwater is a critically important natural resource in Lagos that is presently troubled by pollution that emanates from solid waste and wastewater. The city generates 10,000 metric tons of waste and 350 million gallons of wastewater daily, all of which are improperly managed and are heavily polluting its groundwater. This direct environmental pollution is aggravated by indirect problems of over-urbanization, and legal and institutional shortcomings. Overurbanization in Lagos has resulted into a monumental population of 21 million people in the tiny city, which generates the enormous quantities of solid waste and wastewater. The population places a tremendous burden on the city's water resources, forcing residents to revert to groundwater which is suffering the plight of pollution, and hence the concern of this research.The pollution problem is worsened by civic apathy to environmental matters, and unresolved by a nascent water sector whose evolving governance structures do not adequately address the multi-dimensional pollution problem. In the final analysis, the absence of holistic and comprehensive groundwater legislation that addresses all these problems challenges the sustainability of this vital resource.The research adopts a cross-disciplinary approach by combining several methodologies: historical legal analysis, important insights from scientific studies and from sociological studies that rationalize the demographical movement to Lagos which is at the root of the pollution problem; field work investigation to confirm the fact, source, and extent of polluted groundwater; and a comparative approach by examining the European Union's legal framework for managing groundwater and waste in order to extract sustainable practices for adoption in Lagos. It concludes with a range of recommendations for incorporation into a legal framework iii that will help to improve the sustainability of the groundwater resource. The study contributes to knowledge by attempting to close a vacuum, which is the paucity of studies that investigate underlying social factors that trigger groundwater pollution, and also by providing broad and holistic recommendations for law reform. It addresses the role of law in remediating the pollution, managing the effects of over-urbanization and overpopulation on groundwater, strengthening institutions, and eliminating legal inadequacies.iv Water, which is composed of both surface and groundwater, is an ancient and fundamental resource which is unarguably indispensable to human life. It is the life force of the planet.2 As a finite resource, national governments, international organizations, and scholars now acknowledge that water is crucial to life, to social development, to poverty alleviation, to health and to economic development. Dependable water supplies contribute to the growth of national Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but lack of water promotes economic stagnation and decline. 3Water is used in the dire...

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Electronic waste (e-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria

Cited by 272 publications

References 22 publications

Risks of toxic ash from artisanal mining of discarded cellphones

Risks of toxic ash from artisanal mining of discarded cellphones

Material Flow Analysis and Waste Management

Sustainable groundwater management in Lagos, Nigeria: the regulatory framework

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