Electron Microscopic Demonstration and Evaluation of Irreversible Electroporation-Induced Nanopores on Hepatocyte Membranes

Involvement of a Rac1-Dependent Macropinocytosis Pathway in Plasmid DNA Delivery by Electrotransfection

“…22,23 Although electrotransfection has been implemented as a powerful tool in both basic research and clinical applications, [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] the exact mechanism of electro-gene transfer is still largely unknown. [33][34][35][36] One of the most popular mechanisms, known as the "pore theory," states that, when electric-field-induced transmembrane potential exceeds a certain threshold, transient pores will form in the plasma membrane, [37][38][39][40][41][42] allowing extracellular molecules to enter cytoplasm through diffusion, electrophoresis, and/or electro-osmosis. 43 Thus, the technique has also been called electroporation in the literature.…”

Safety and Feasibility of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Results of a Prospective Study

“…Moreover, this process leads to the creation of nanopores with a disruption of the lipid bilayer and cell death, due to apoptosis, preserving the underlying extracellular matrix [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Consequently, IRE has begun to emerge as an important ablation technique, that unlike radiofrequency [12] and microwave or laser [13] does not require the application of thermal energy, thereby preserving sensitive structures located near the tumor, such as nerves, bile ducts, vessels, and the gastrointestinal tract [14,15,16].…”

Irreversible electroporation for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: a summary of imaging findings and treatment feedback

“…To illustrate this, the AZV on T2-weighted MRI is 3D reconstructed in Fig. 6 at 4 weeks (9.75 cm 3 ), 6 months (6.73 cm 3 ) and 1 year (6.46 cm 3 ) following IRE (n=1). At 4 weeks following IRE the prostate volume on MRI (n=15) is comparable with baseline MRI (mean increase, 4.4%±14.1%); however, due to the involution of the ablation zone the prostate volume on MRI at 6 months following IRE (n=6) is reduced with a mean reduction of 27.5%±11.9% compared with baseline prostate volume on MRI.…”