Electron Microscope Study of the Relationship between the Nucleus and Mitochondria in &lt;i&gt;Chlorophytum capense&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Kuntze

Mota, Miguel

doi:10.1508/cytologia.28.409

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…These include the lysis mechanism of organelles during autophagy, gametogenesis or fertilization [46], [47], a mechanism involving physical interactions between the nucleus and organelles [48], [49], a mechanism whereby abnormal mitochondria are taken up for degradation by the vacuole [50], the nuclear inclusion of mitochondria [51], and stromules connecting chloroplasts with mitochondria and/or the nucleus [52]. These mechanisms may provide conditions for the transfer of organelle DNA into nuclear genomes in soybean.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mitochondrial Genome of Soybean Reveals Complex Genome Structures and Gene Evolution at Intercellular and Phylogenetic Levels

Chang¹,

Wang

Lu³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Determining mitochondrial genomes is important for elucidating vital activities of seed plants. Mitochondrial genomes are specific to each plant species because of their variable size, complex structures and patterns of gene losses and gains during evolution. This complexity has made research on the soybean mitochondrial genome difficult compared with its nuclear and chloroplast genomes. The present study helps to solve a 30-year mystery regarding the most complex mitochondrial genome structure, showing that pairwise rearrangements among the many large repeats may produce an enriched molecular pool of 760 circles in seed plants. The soybean mitochondrial genome harbors 58 genes of known function in addition to 52 predicted open reading frames of unknown function. The genome contains sequences of multiple identifiable origins, including 6.8 kb and 7.1 kb DNA fragments that have been transferred from the nuclear and chloroplast genomes, respectively, and some horizontal DNA transfers. The soybean mitochondrial genome has lost 16 genes, including nine protein-coding genes and seven tRNA genes; however, it has acquired five chloroplast-derived genes during evolution. Four tRNA genes, common among the three genomes, are derived from the chloroplast. Sizeable DNA transfers to the nucleus, with pericentromeric regions as hotspots, are observed, including DNA transfers of 125.0 kb and 151.6 kb identified unambiguously from the soybean mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes, respectively. The soybean nuclear genome has acquired five genes from its mitochondrial genome. These results provide biological insights into the mitochondrial genome of seed plants, and are especially helpful for deciphering vital activities in soybean.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mitochondrial Genome of Soybean Reveals Complex Genome Structures and Gene Evolution at Intercellular and Phylogenetic Levels

Chang¹,

Wang

Lu³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…Several mechanisms have been proposed that would facilitate the exit of mtDNA from the mitochondria and the entry into the nucleus. The most commonly accepted one is that the fragments generated by ROS in the mitochondria appear with a high 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine content in the cytoplasm due to alterations of the organelle membrane, either during division, fission/fusion events (Dimmer and Scorrano 2006), lysis (Mota 1963), mitophagy (Higgins and Coughlan 2014), or by the opening induction of a permeability transition pore (Patrushev et al 2004;Garcia and Chavez 2007). Once in the cytoplasm, mtDNA is protected from nucleases thanks to a mechanism mediated by vacuoles, which are degraded when they contact the nucleus (Campbell and Thorsness 1998).…”

Section: Numt Generation and Insertion Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertions of mitochondrial DNA into the nucleus—effects and role in cell evolution

Puertas

González‐Sánchez

2020

Genome

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We review the insertion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments into nuclear DNA (NUMTS) as a general and ongoing process that has occurred many times during genome evolution. Fragments of mtDNA are generated during the lifetime of organisms in both somatic and germinal cells, by the production of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria. The fragments are inserted into the nucleus during the double-strand breaks repair via the non-homologous end-joining machinery, followed by genomic instability, giving rise to the high variability observed in NUMT patterns among species, populations, or genotypes. Some de novo produced mtDNA insertions show harmful effects, being involved in human diseases, carcinogenesis, and ageing. NUMT generation is a non-stop process overpassing the Mendelian transmission. This parasitic property ensures their survival even against their harmful effects. The accumulation of mtDNA fragments mainly at pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions is important to understand the transmission and integration of NUMTs into the genomes. The possible effect of female meiotic drive for mtDNA insertions at centromeres remains to be studied. In spite of the harmful feature of NUMTs, they are important in cell evolution, representing a major source of genomic variation.

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“…Such occasions probably arise under conditions that affect both organelles simultaneously, such as when cells are stressed or during gametogenesis-associated organelle degradation (112,134). Direct physical association of the nucleus with mitochondria (85) or chloroplasts (33), as well as the uptake of whole mitochondria by nuclei, as occurs for instance in tobacco sperm cells (144), might also contribute to DNA exchange. In many eukaryotes, including humans and various flowering plants, organelles are maternally inherited.…”

Section: Escape Of Dna From Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Transfer from Organelles to the Nucleus: The Idiosyncratic Genetics of Endosymbiosis

Kleine

Maier

Leister

2009

Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.

322

323

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In eukaryotes, DNA is exchanged between endosymbiosis-derived compartments (mitochondria and chloroplasts) and the nucleus. Organelle-to-nucleus DNA transfer involves repair of double-stranded breaks by nonhomologous end-joining, and resulted during early organelle evolution in massive relocation of organelle genes to the nucleus. A large fraction of the products of the nuclear genes so acquired are retargeted to their ancestral compartment; many others now function in new subcellular locations. Almost all present-day nuclear transfers of mitochondrial or plastid DNA give rise to noncoding sequences, dubbed nuclear mitochondrial DNAs (NUMTs) and nuclear plastid DNAs (NUPTs). Some of these sequences were recruited as exons, thus introducing new coding sequences into preexisting nuclear genes by a novel mechanism. In organisms derived from secondary or tertiary endosymbiosis, serial gene transfers involving nucleus-to-nucleus migration of DNA have also occurred. Intercompartmental DNA transfer therefore represents a significant driving force for gene and genome evolution, relocating and refashioning genes and contributing to genetic diversity.

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Electron Microscope Study of the Relationship between the Nucleus and Mitochondria in <i>Chlorophytum capense</i> (L.) Kuntze

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

The Mitochondrial Genome of Soybean Reveals Complex Genome Structures and Gene Evolution at Intercellular and Phylogenetic Levels

The Mitochondrial Genome of Soybean Reveals Complex Genome Structures and Gene Evolution at Intercellular and Phylogenetic Levels

Insertions of mitochondrial DNA into the nucleus—effects and role in cell evolution

DNA Transfer from Organelles to the Nucleus: The Idiosyncratic Genetics of Endosymbiosis

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