Electromembrane extraction of phenytoin from biological fluids: A survey on the effects of molecularly imprinted polymer and carbon nanotubes on extraction efficiency

A novel three‐dimensional printed device with conductive elements for electromembrane extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector

“…It should be noted that in our previous studies, the necessary parameters for EME, that is, linearity range, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ for determining PB [40] and PT [41] separately, as well as simultaneous extraction of these drugs [38], were reported using classical setups. In the current paper, attention has been mainly paid to the analytical study and design of the newly proposed cell.…”

“…To better understand the electric field distribution in the different setups proposed governing partial differential equations were introduced and solved numerically. The electric potential denoted by φ, may be used to determine the electric field using Equation () [41]: $$\begin{equation}E = - \nabla \varphi \end{equation}$$in which φ expresses the electric field and E is the electric field intensity vector. The constitutive law for presenting the dielectric behavior is represented by Equation (): $$\begin{equation}D = {\varepsilon _0}\;{\varepsilon _r}E\end{equation}$$where $${\varepsilon _r}$$ and ε 0 are the relative medium and vacuum permittivity and D denotes the density of the electric flux.…”

“…The term, u is used to denote the fluid velocity vector. The Nernst‐Einstein equation can be used to define species mobility in terms of the diffusion coefficient $${D_i}$$ by $${u_{m,i}} = \frac{{{D_i}}}{{RT}}$$ [41], where T is the temperature. Equation () indicates that the mass transport of the analytes can be attributed to the electric potential distribution and the fluid flow velocity.…”

Recent applications of microextraction sample preparation techniques in biological samples analysis

“…Recently Yaripour, Nojavan, et al (2020) used EME with HPLC-UV to study phenytoin in human urine and plasma samples. In this method the membrane consisted of 1-octanol immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber.…”

“…In this method the membrane consisted of 1-octanol immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber. As a driving force, a 40 V electric field was applied to facilitate the migration of analytes from the sample solution to an acceptor solution through a supported liquid membrane (Yaripour, Nojavan, et al, 2020). Restan et al (2020) developed EME with LC-MS to study loperamide, haloperidol, methadone, nortriptyline, and pethidine in whole blood samples.…”