Electromembrane extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography: an efficient method for extraction and determination of morphine, oxymorphone, and methylmorphine from urine samples

Yamini, Yadollah; Pourali, Ali Reza; Seidi, Shahram; Rezazadeh, Maryam

doi:10.1039/c4ay00480a

Cited by 41 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In most cases, di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) has been used, and ionic interactions between the analyte and DEHP at the SLM interface has been found to facilitate the mass transfer . Thus, with DEHP mixed with NPOE or 1‐octanol, small cations , amino acids , peptides , and basic drugs in the log P range of –0.4 to 2.0 have been extracted successfully by EME. Clearly, with DEHP in the SLM, ionic interactions are involved, and this opens up the permeability for more polar species.…”

Section: Mass Transfer In Eme With Different Liquid Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Huang

Jensen

Seip

et al. 2015

J of Separation Science

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Electromembrane extraction was introduced in 2006 as a totally new sample preparation concept for the extraction of charged analytes present in aqueous samples. Electromembrane extraction is based on electrokinetic migration of the analytes through a supported liquid membrane and into a μL-volume of acceptor solution under the influence of an external electrical field. To date, electromembrane extraction has mostly been used for the extraction of drug substances, amino acids, and peptides from biological fluids, and for organic micropollutants from environmental samples. Electromembrane extraction has typically been combined with chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis for analyte separation and detection. At the moment, close to 125 research papers have been published with focus on electromembrane extraction. Electromembrane extraction is a hybrid technique between electrophoresis and liquid-liquid extraction, and the fundamental principles for mass transfer have only partly been investigated. Thus, although there is great interest in electromembrane extraction, the fundamental principle for mass transfer has to be described in more detail for the scientific acceptance of the concept. This review summarizes recent efforts to describe the fundamentals of mass transfer in electromembrane extraction, and aim to give an up-to-date understanding of the processes involved.

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Section: Mass Transfer In Eme With Different Liquid Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Huang

Jensen

Seip

et al. 2015

J of Separation Science

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show abstract

“…Different concentration of HCl was tested as the acceptor phase (1, 10, 100, and 150 mM). The best performance was observed with HCl 100 mM in which the analytes in the SLM/acceptor phase interface can be easily released from DEHP into the acceptor phase . In higher concentrations of HCl, bubble formed during EME due to the high concentration of the proton in the acceptor phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a miniaturized setup for in‐tube simultaneous determination of three alkaloids using electromembrane extraction in combination with ultraviolet spectrophotometry

Pourahadi

Farahani

Davarani

et al. 2019

J of Separation Science

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Herein, electromembrane extraction was combined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry using a customized manifold for preconcentration and simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine, and papaverine in water and human urine samples. Absorption spectra of the extracts were recorded inside the lumen of the hollow fiber using two fiber optics connected to a miniature spectrophotometer. Partial least squares regression was applied to resolve the overlapped spectra of the analytes. Performance of the model was validated by an independent test set. Central composite design was applied to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimized extraction conditions are as follows; supporting liquid membrane: 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether containing 15% v/v bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate, applied voltage: 80 V, donor pH: 3.0, acceptor pH: 1.0, extraction time: 20 min. Finally, the optimized extraction method was validated for determination of the mentioned alkaloids in human urine samples. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.995) for all of the mentioned alkaloids. The limits of detection for morphine, codeine, and papaverine in diluted human urine were found to be 0.6, 1.1, and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively with acceptable relative standard deviations. Enrichment factors of 104, 108, and 102 were achieved for morphine, codeine, and papaverine, respectively.

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“…Recently, a new sample preparation method known as electromembrane extraction (EME) has been developed . EME is a microextraction technique based on hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) for the extraction of charged compounds .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, EME is performed with HPLC–UV or LC–MS; however, several new trials combining EME with GC–MS have recently been presented . EME has been widely used for extraction of acidic or basic compounds from various matrices such as wastewater, plant samples, biological fluids, and dairy products , .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites in human urine using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

et al. 2015

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For the first time, electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was applied for the determination of urinary benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites. S-Phenylmercapturic acid, hippuric acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, and methylhippuric acid isomers were extracted from human urine through a supported liquid membrane consisting of 1-octanol into an alkaline acceptor solution filling the inside of a hollow fiber by application of an electric field. Various extraction factors were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology, the statistical method. The optimum conditions were established to be 300 V applied voltage, 15 min extraction time, 1500 rpm stirring speed, and 5 mM ammonium acetate (pH 10.2) acceptor solution. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and reproducibility. The results showed good linearity (r(2) > 0.995), precision, and accuracy. The extract recoveries were 52.8-79.0%. Finally, we applied this method to real samples and successfully measured benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites.

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Electromembrane extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography: an efficient method for extraction and determination of morphine, oxymorphone, and methylmorphine from urine samples

Cited by 41 publications

References 40 publications

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Developing a miniaturized setup for in‐tube simultaneous determination of three alkaloids using electromembrane extraction in combination with ultraviolet spectrophotometry

Simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites in human urine using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

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