Electrolytes in Organic Batteries

Abstract

Organic batteries using redox-active polymers and small organic compounds have become promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to the abundance, environmental benignity, and diverse nature of organic resources. To date, tremendous research efforts have been devoted to developing advanced organic electrode materials and understanding the material structure–performance correlation in organic batteries. In contrast, less attention was paid to the correlation between electrolyte structure and battery performance, despite the critical roles of electrolytes for the dissolution of organic electrode materials, the formation of the electrode–electrolyte interphase, and the solvation/desolvation of charge carriers. In this review, we discuss the prospects and challenges of organic batteries with an emphasis on electrolytes. The differences between organic and inorganic batteries in terms of electrolyte property requirements and charge storage mechanisms are elucidated. To provide a comprehensive and thorough overview of the electrolyte development in organic batteries, the electrolytes are divided into four categories including organic liquid electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, and polymer-based electrolytes, to introduce different components, concentrations, additives, and applications in various organic batteries with different charge carriers, interphases, and separators. The perspectives and outlook for the future development of advanced electrolytes are also discussed to provide a guidance for the electrolyte design and optimization in organic batteries. We believe that this review will stimulate an in-depth study of electrolytes and accelerate the commercialization of organic batteries.

Approaching Microsized Alloy Anodes via Solid Electrolyte Interphase Design for Advanced Rechargeable Batteries

“…The reduction of both salts and solvents contributes to the SEI layer for ), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB − ), and oxalato difluoro borate (DFOB − )), etc. [105,[139][140][141][142] For the SEI layer generated on anodes, inorganic components (like fluorides and oxides) are primarily derived from anions decomposition with partial contributions from organic molecules such as FEC. [29,139] Therefore, the anions could remarkably affect the reductive kinetics and features of the SEI layer.…”

“…Besides, some salts have also been developed as electrolyte additives. [157,167,169] A commonly used LiNO 3 salt was frequently utilized as an electrolyte additive to protect the Li metal anode by generating a dense inorganic Li x NO y passivation layer, [140,157] and may be extended to alloy anodes. In 2020, Younesi's group [35] employed readily soluble SEI species, Na 2 CO 3 and NaF salts, as additives to saturate the electrolytes.…”

S-doped C@MoSe2(1-x)S2x@MWCNT heterostructure as high-rate and long-cycle stability anodes for Na+ batteries

“…It is known that despite the theoretical capacity of layered transition metal chalcogenides is high, the actual capacity in SIB usage is limited. The key reasons for the low rate and poor cycle stability are the poor conductivity of transition metal chalcogenides and the low Na + mobility across the layers of anode materials [1,[14][15][16][17][18][19]. For example, for molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2, 422 mA h g -1 ), the critical issues as anode for SIB are the structural of MoSe2 collapse after the intercalation of Na + and the poor conductivity [20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

1.89 $ kg–1 Lake-Water-Based Semisolid Electrolytes for Highly Efficient Energy Storage

“…With the fast development of new energy vehicles, electrochemical energy devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, are emerging as promising candidates for substituting power sources based on gasoline engines. − Electrolytes are critical to electrochemical devices, which work as ion reserviors and enable ion migration and storage during the charge–discharge process. − Most electrolytes employed in batteries are based on organic solvents and usually very expensive, which make them difficult for market promotion. − Aqueous electrolytes have been verified with lower cost and better safety compared with organic ones, but it remains a challenge to develop low-cost aqueous electrolytes with satisfying electrochemical properties by simple and effective methods. − Aqueous electrolytes mainly consist of a water medium and inorganic matters, and it is important to obtain the water source in cheap and green ways. Since water exists everywhere in daily life, such as in oceans, rivers, and lakes, it is an insightful strategy to develop aqueous electrolytes based on common water with zero cost.…”