Electrolyte-Dependent Supercapacitor Performance on Nitrogen-Doped Porous Bio-Carbon from Gelatin

Abstract

The carbon supercapacitance strongly relies upon the electrolyte’s nature, but the clear-cut structure–performance nexus remains elusive. Herein, a series of bio-carbons with gradually varied pore structure and surface chemistry are derived using a new salt template protocol (with eco-benign KNO3 as the template, activator, and porogen, and cheap gelatin as the carbon precursor), and are used as model systems to probe the dependence of the electrochemical mechanism of such nanocarbons on two typical electrolytes (KOH and EMIBF4). By only adjusting the KNO3 dosage, two pivotal figures of merit of biochar—multiscale porosity and surface functionalization—were finely modulated to construct electric double layers. Electrochemical data clarify that the combined porosity and doping effects all contribute to enhanced supercapacitance, but with only one of the two factors playing the leading role in different electrolytes. Kinetic analysis corroborates the fact that ample heteroatom doping can effectively compensate capacitance by intensive surface redox insertion in KOH, while a suitable pore size dispersion plays a preponderant part in self-amplifying the ion partitioning, and thus dictating a good charge separation in EMIBF4. A quasi-quantitative model of performance–structure relevance in EMIBF4 is judiciously conjectured to hint at a superb ion–pore-size compatibility, in which the bi- and mono-layer ion confinement coupling in integrated single and double ion-sized pores is found to be more useful for curbing notorious over-screening effects and for changing the coordination number, Coulombic ordering, and phase conformation of EMIBF4 in several nm-sized nanopores. This unique energy storage fashion in ion-matching pores promotes the energy density of optimal samples to a novel level of 88.3 Wh kg−1 at 1 kW kg−1, which rivals the overwhelming majority of the reported carbon materials. In short, the comparison case study here reveals a valuable correlation of carbon’s figure of merit and electrolyte type, which may act as a vital rudder to design electrolyte-contingent state-of-the-art supercapacitor materials.

Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

“…The IL-embedded polymer electrolyte can be referred to as an ion gel. Ion gel electrolytes have both a polymer electrolyte and IL [ 144 , 145 , 146 ]. The IL ratio of ion gels affects ionic conductivity.…”

Pseudocapacitive Effect of Carbons Doped with Different Functional Groups as Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors

“…According to Equation (1), the energy density of an electrochemical capacitor can be improved by improving either its operating voltage or its specific capacitance. The former depends on the electrochemical window of the electrolyte used in the device and different electrolytes with wide electrochemical windows such as organic electrolyte and ionic liquids have been investigated to improve the energy density of the electrochemical capacitors but they limit the power density of the device due to their limited kinetic and diffusional effects [7][8][9]. The latter, given by Equation (2), can be improved either by introducing new electrode materials with higher charge storage capability through pseudocapacitive charge storage or by controlling and improving the porosity parameters (i.e., S and D) of the electroactive material [10].…”

Thermal Stability of Supercapacitor for Hybrid Energy Storage System in Lightweight Electric Vehicles: Simulation and Experiments

“…The values of the elements of the equivalent circuit model can be determined using Gouy and Chapman's theories [30], [31]. In recent years, interests have increased regarding SCs containing redox-active electrolytes that can offer additional capacitance as a strategy to improve the overall storage performance of the EESS [32].…”