“…Furthermore, the use as a lithium battery electrode is also limited because of very small lithium uptake and its practical capacity is much smaller. It is worth mentioning that LLT finds application at room temperature as a separator for selective recovery and isotope separation of lithium ion by electrolysis 21 and as pH sensors. 155 In contrast to oxide ion conductivity in ABO 3 perovskite oxides, the development of fast cation conductors, for example, Li + and Na + ion in the perovskite structure with appropriate properties for possible application in all-solid-state batteries still remains a challenge.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure shows the Arrhenius plots for ionic conductivity of LLT together with well-known solid lithium ion conductors. Since 1993, the influence of the composition, partial substitution or total substitution of La and Ti with other metal ions, effect of pressure, and sintering conditions on their crystal structure, conductivity, electrochemical properties, and the mechanism for lithium ion conduction have been widely investigated. ,− ,− 1 …”
Section: General Considerationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since 1993, the influence of the composition, partial substitution or total substitution of La and Ti with other metal ions, effect of pressure, and sintering conditions on their crystal structure, conductivity, electrochemical properties, and the mechanism for lithium ion conduction have been widely investigated. 12,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]…”
Section: General Considerationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, the fastest lithium ion-conducting solid electrolytes known are the perovskite-type (ABO 3 ) oxide, with A = Li, La and B = Ti, lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT) Li 3 x La (2/3)- x □ (1/3) - 2 x TiO 3 , , and its structurally related materials. − This paper aims at giving a comprehensive review of the available information about LLT and its related materials (A site, B site, or both substituted LLT), with special focus on composition−structure−ionic conductivity property.…”
To date, the highest bulk lithium ion-conducting solid electrolyte is the perovskite (ABO3)-type lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT) Li3
x
La(2/3)-x
□(1/3)
-
2
x
TiO3 (0 < x < 0.16) and its related
structure materials. The x ≈ 0.1 member exhibits conductivity of 1 × 10-3 S/cm at room
temperature with an activation energy of 0.40 eV. The conductivity is comparable to that of
commonly used polymer/liquid electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of LLT mainly depends
on the size of the A-site ion cation (e.g., La or rare earth, alkali or alkaline earth), lithium
and vacancy concentration, and the nature of the B−O bond. For example, replacement of
La by other rare earth elements with smaller ionic radii than that of La decreases the lithium
ion conductivity, while partial substitution of La by Sr (larger ionic radii than that of La)
slightly increases the lithium ion conductivity. The high lithium ion conductivity of LLT is
considered to be due to the large concentration of A-site vacancies, and the motion of lithium
by a vacancy mechanism through the wide square planar bottleneck between the A sites. It
is considered that BO6/TiO6 octahedra tilting facilitate the lithium ion mobility in the
perovskite structure. The actual mechanism of lithium ion conduction is not yet clearly
understood. In this paper, we review the structural properties, electrical conductivity, and
electrochemical characterization of LLT and its related materials.
“…Furthermore, the use as a lithium battery electrode is also limited because of very small lithium uptake and its practical capacity is much smaller. It is worth mentioning that LLT finds application at room temperature as a separator for selective recovery and isotope separation of lithium ion by electrolysis 21 and as pH sensors. 155 In contrast to oxide ion conductivity in ABO 3 perovskite oxides, the development of fast cation conductors, for example, Li + and Na + ion in the perovskite structure with appropriate properties for possible application in all-solid-state batteries still remains a challenge.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure shows the Arrhenius plots for ionic conductivity of LLT together with well-known solid lithium ion conductors. Since 1993, the influence of the composition, partial substitution or total substitution of La and Ti with other metal ions, effect of pressure, and sintering conditions on their crystal structure, conductivity, electrochemical properties, and the mechanism for lithium ion conduction have been widely investigated. ,− ,− 1 …”
Section: General Considerationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since 1993, the influence of the composition, partial substitution or total substitution of La and Ti with other metal ions, effect of pressure, and sintering conditions on their crystal structure, conductivity, electrochemical properties, and the mechanism for lithium ion conduction have been widely investigated. 12,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]…”
Section: General Considerationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, the fastest lithium ion-conducting solid electrolytes known are the perovskite-type (ABO 3 ) oxide, with A = Li, La and B = Ti, lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT) Li 3 x La (2/3)- x □ (1/3) - 2 x TiO 3 , , and its structurally related materials. − This paper aims at giving a comprehensive review of the available information about LLT and its related materials (A site, B site, or both substituted LLT), with special focus on composition−structure−ionic conductivity property.…”
To date, the highest bulk lithium ion-conducting solid electrolyte is the perovskite (ABO3)-type lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT) Li3
x
La(2/3)-x
□(1/3)
-
2
x
TiO3 (0 < x < 0.16) and its related
structure materials. The x ≈ 0.1 member exhibits conductivity of 1 × 10-3 S/cm at room
temperature with an activation energy of 0.40 eV. The conductivity is comparable to that of
commonly used polymer/liquid electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of LLT mainly depends
on the size of the A-site ion cation (e.g., La or rare earth, alkali or alkaline earth), lithium
and vacancy concentration, and the nature of the B−O bond. For example, replacement of
La by other rare earth elements with smaller ionic radii than that of La decreases the lithium
ion conductivity, while partial substitution of La by Sr (larger ionic radii than that of La)
slightly increases the lithium ion conductivity. The high lithium ion conductivity of LLT is
considered to be due to the large concentration of A-site vacancies, and the motion of lithium
by a vacancy mechanism through the wide square planar bottleneck between the A sites. It
is considered that BO6/TiO6 octahedra tilting facilitate the lithium ion mobility in the
perovskite structure. The actual mechanism of lithium ion conduction is not yet clearly
understood. In this paper, we review the structural properties, electrical conductivity, and
electrochemical characterization of LLT and its related materials.
“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Kunigi et al 7 have shown that this material, as a separator, could be applied to the electrochemical selective recovery of lithium ions and to the isotope separation for lithium ions, 6 Li and 7 Li, by electrolysis in aqueous solution. Generally, pure ionic ceramics are good candidate to be sensitive element in potentiometric sensors in reason of the fast ion exchange than can occur between the ions in solution and the ions of the ceramic membrane.…”
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