Electrochemical Lithiation of Graphene-Supported Silicon and Germanium for Rechargeable Batteries

Chockla, Aaron Michael; Panthani, Matthew G.; Holmberg, Vincent C.; Hessel, Colin M.; Reid, Dariya K.; Bogart, Timothy D.; Harris, Justin T.; Mullins, C. Buddie; Korgel, Brian A.

doi:10.1021/jp302344b

Cited by 88 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The SEI layer formation occurs at the same voltage of 0.8-0.9 V as that in the SWCNT paper anode, and the other two peaks at 0.5-0.6 V and 0.1-0.2 V represent the stepwise Li alloying reaction to form different Li x Ge alloys. The differential curves of the subsequent charge cycles show a broad anodic peak at about 0.45 V, corresponding to the delithiation voltage of Li x Ge species [26][27][28]. Multiple sharp peaks in typical cycles still exist up to 40 cycles, suggesting that the paper anode could maintain good kinetic activity towards Li ion intercalation/deintercalation during the cycling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

Wang

Sun

et al. 2014

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Paper-like free-standing germanium (Ge) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite anodes were synthesized by the vacuum filtration of Ge/SWCNT composites, which were prepared by a facile aqueous-based method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Ge/ SWCNT composite paper anode with the weight percentage of 32% Ge delivered a specific discharge capacity of 417 mA h g−1 after 40 cycles at a current density of 25 mA g−1, 117% higher than the pure SWCNT paper anode. The SWCNTs not only function as a flexible mechanical support for strain release, but also provide excellent electrically conducting channels, while the nanosized Ge particles contribute to improving the discharge capacity of the paper anode. Paper-like free-standing germanium (Ge) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite anodes were synthesized by the vacuum filtration of Ge/SWCNT composites, which were prepared by a facile aqueous-based method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Ge/SWCNT composite paper anode with the weight percentage of 32% Ge delivered a specific discharge capacity of 417 mAh g -1 after 40 cycles at a current density of 25 mA g -1 , 117% higher than the pure SWCNT paper anode. The SWCNTs not only function as a flexible mechanical support for strain release, but also provide excellent electrically conducting channels, while the nanosized Ge contributes to improving the discharge capacity of the paper anode.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

Wang

Sun

et al. 2014

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…Reports to-date on binder-free Ge NW electrodes have only shown stability up to 50 cycles. 12,13 A range of nanocomposite architectures have been employed that increase the stability of Ge based anodes over hundreds of cycles for example nanotube networks 18 , dispersions of nanomaterials in active/inactive buffer matrices 19,20 , sheathing of nanostructures with carbon 21 and Ge NWgraphene composites [22][23][24] . A further interesting area of research is the incorporation of pores to improve the performance of Li-alloying nanostructures.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Performance Germanium Nanowire-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Extending over 1000 Cycles Through in Situ Formation of a Continuous Porous Network

et al. 2014

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“…Some progression on composite anodes based on graphene and germanium (i.e., alloy material), MFe 2 O 4 (M = Co, Ni, Cu) and M x S y (M = Sn, Sb, In) were reported in 2012. Different amounts of RGO were combined with carbon-coated [ 181,182 ] or uncoated [ 183,184 ] Ge nanoparticles and tested as anode material. Although a large 1 st cycle irreversibility was present in most of the cases, the quite stable cycling behavior and the reasonably low delithiation voltage, with a plateau at about 0.…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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that its extraordinary properties would enable revolutionary new technologies, which gave birth to the "graphene era". [ 3,4 ] Relying on this scenario, in 2013, the European Union launched the ¤1 billion "Graphene Flagship" project aimed to investigate the properties of this new form of carbon for various applications (e.g., electronics, sensors and energy storage devices), with the ambitious goal of guiding graphene from laboratories to commercial applications within a decade. [ 5,6 ] In the same period, the Chinese Government set up a similar investment to mass-produce graphene as thin fi lms (e.g., for touchscreen electrodes) and platelets (e.g., for use in batteries). [ 6 ] In the following years, hundreds of patents, mainly focused on manufacturing and application in energy storage, were fi led and the worldwide production of graphene and graphene-containing materials rapidly increased. Although a few Chinese industries claimed to already use graphene-containing materials for smartphone production, no revolutionary practical application relying on graphene has been yet developed. [ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years. [ 3,[9][10][11] In contrast, due to the lack of an exhaustive analysis of the progression of the use of such materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, we report here a critical evaluation of the most prominent research papers published from 2008 until the end of 2015. As shown in Figure 1 , three different stages of the graphene research in LIB anodes can be distinguished: a fi rst stationary phase between 2008 and 2010 where the lithium-ion storage properties of different graphene and graphene-containing materials were preliminarily explored, a second exponential stage, spanning from 2010 to 2014, where graphene and graphene-containing anode materials were broadly developed and investigated, and fi nally, a third phase, (i.e., starting from 2015), where the research seems to have approached a plateau. After Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the fi rst report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the fi eld still seems to be missing. In this framework, atten...

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Electrochemical Lithiation of Graphene-Supported Silicon and Germanium for Rechargeable Batteries

Cited by 88 publications

References 61 publications

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

High-Performance Germanium Nanowire-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Extending over 1000 Cycles Through in Situ Formation of a Continuous Porous Network

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

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