Electrochemical insertion of sodium into hard carbons

Pandorf, Thomas; Billaud, D.

doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00250-5

Cited by 227 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Concerning the former, the intercalation of Na + ion into B/C/ N materials began to occur at potentials higher than carbon. Usually Na + ion can be inserted into non-crystalline carbon at potentials lower than 0.79 V vs. Na/Na + , which was reported elsewhere 4,5,33,34 and also described later in this study. Figure 2-a indicates that the intercalation of Na + ion into the B/C/N material having higher boron content began at a potential higher than that of the other one having lower boron content, suggesting that boron content in the B/C/N material tended to determine the potentials on the discharge/charge cycles.…”

Section: Structure Of B/c/n and B/c Materialssupporting

confidence: 80%

The Role of Boron in B/C/N and B/C Materials as an Anode of Sodium Ion Batteries

et al. 2015

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Graphite-like layered materials composed of boron/carbon/nitrogen (B/C/N) and boron/carbon (B/C) have been prepared by CVD method using BCl 3 and CH 3 CN or C 2 H 4 as starting materials, respectively. Electrochemical behaviors of B/C/N and B/C materials as anodes of sodium ion batteries have been investigated. Their properties have been compared with those of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) material and carbons prepared by CVD method. B/C/N and B/C materials showed reversible intercalation and de-intercalation on their discharge and charge cycles. The formation of stage structures was observed during the discharge (electrochemical intercalation) in 1 M-NaPF 6 / EC+DEC (1:1) electrolyte solution, which was not clearly observed in the cases of C/N material and carbon. Potentials at the beginning of discharge (intercalation of Na + ion) were higher than those of C/N material and carbons, and depended on the boron content in the material. B/C materials having larger boron content tended to show higher reversible capacity. B/C/N materials showed highest reversible capacity 190 mAh g −1 among the materials prepared in this study by using CVD method. These results could be explained by the electronic structure of the material in which electron deficient boron atom lowered the bottom of conduction band, and will provide useful information for designing materials as electrodes.

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Section: Structure Of B/c/n and B/c Materialssupporting

confidence: 80%

The Role of Boron in B/C/N and B/C Materials as an Anode of Sodium Ion Batteries

et al. 2015

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“…11,15 The important point of this work, however, is the significantly larger reversible capacity that is found for the templated carbon compared to the commercial carbons, reaching around 130 mA h g À1 after the first cycle at C/5. This capacity corresponds to a nominal composition of NaC 17 , i.e.…”

Section: Broader Contextmentioning

confidence: 84%

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries: Improving the rate capability of carbon anode materials by templating strategies

Wenzel

Hara

Janek

et al. 2011

Energy Environ. Sci.

510

362

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Current kinetic limitations of carbon anode materials in sodium-ion batteries can be effectively tackled by using tailor-made carbon materials with hierarchical porosity prepared via the nanocasting route. Capacities exceeding 100 mA h g À1 at C/5 are found while exhibiting excellent rate capability and reasonable cycle life.The development of rechargeable batteries as energy storage devices is a key issue for many future applications. Lithium is the key element utilized, but its abundance and geographical distribution are a matter of controversial debate. Sodium based batteries could be an attractive alternative, and the high temperature sodium/sulfur battery operating between 310 and 350 C has been already commercialized for stationary applications. 1,2 Also all solid-state concepts operating at elevated temperatures using polymer electrolytes have been proposed. 3,4 To date, however, no suitable (combinations of) electrode materials exist that allow satisfying performance at room temperature exists, even though the chemistry of a Na-ion battery could be very similar to its Li-ion battery counterpart. Recently, several studies on possible cathode materials have been published, 5-9 but much less has been reported on potential anode materials.Graphite, the standard anode material in current lithium-ion batteries, is not suited for a sodium based system, as Na hardly forms staged intercalation compounds with graphite. 10 This is different from non-graphitic carbons and it is suggested that the storage mechanisms for Na and Li are similar, although the capacity is smaller in the case of sodium. 11 Several types of non-graphitic carbon materials have been tested and capacities between 100 and 300 mA h g À1 under differing conditions were found. 11-16 Although these capacities are promising, the cells were only cycled for a few times and, more importantly, could be only obtained at extremely low currents (typically C-rates between C/70 and C/80) or at elevated temperatures ($60 C), which indicates very sluggish kinetics for the sodium storage process (Table S1 †). Thus alternative carbon materials are needed in order to achieve satisfying performance at room temperature and at higher currents.For lithium insertion, it is known that fast kinetics and high capacity can be achieved by introducing nanoporosity and a hierarchical pore system into the anode. 17 Such systems are accessible via the nanocasting route, utilizing porous silica materials as templates. 18 In this work we show as a proof of principle that this concept is also applicable to sodium and that high capacities can be achieved at room temperature at high currents (e.g. C-rate of C/5, i.e. 15 times faster than C/75), while also exhibiting long cycling stability. The outstanding performance of the templated carbon is illustrated by comparing with several commercially available porous carbon materials and non-porous graphite as reference. Table 1 summarizes the surface areas and pore volumes of the different carbon materials used. The commercial reference ...

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“…Thus, different carbon materials with diverse structures (micro-and nanostructures) and varied morphologies, usually with a certain degree of porosity and low-ordered structure consisting of few-layer graphite nanocrystallites, have been investigated for this application [12]. Among them, hard carbons are arguably the most promising candidates thus far [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], being able to deliver reversible capacities >300 mA h g -1 at low-to-moderate current rates with remarkable stability along cycling, although some aspects need to be improved for their implementation as anodes for SIBs, such as their relatively low coulombic efficiency in the first cycle, which is related to their high surface area and porosity, or their modest rate performance. The turbostratic structure of these materials, consisting in few-layer-stacked graphite nanocrystallites with high interlayer distances (0.37-0.40 nm), together with their inherent porosity (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Ramos

Cameán

Cuesta

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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A series of expanded graphitic materials are prepared from two different precursors: micrometric synthetic graphite and graphitized carbon nanofibers, and tested as anodes for sodium-ion batteries. The materials preparation involves the oxidation of the precursors followed by partial thermal reduction. Overall, the expanded synthetic graphite materials show better electrochemical performance as anode than the expanded graphite nanofibers, providing higher specific capacity, leading to lower capacity losses in the first charge-discharge cycle and exhibiting outstanding cycling stability. Specific capacities of ~150 mA h g -1 at 37 mA g -1 and ~110 mA h g -1 at 100 mA g -1 are attained, and up to 50 % of initial capacity at 19 mA g -1 is kept at 372 mA g -1. Unexpectedly, higher capacity losses are measured for the nanostructured electrodes by progressively increasing the current density. These differences are attributed to the lower surface area and porosity of expanded synthetic graphite materials which favors the formation of thinner and more stable SEI, thus reducing the electrode resistance and enhancing Na + ions accessibility to surface oxygen groups with the consequent increase of the surface capacity which was found to be the main contribution to the total specific capacity.

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Electrochemical insertion of sodium into hard carbons

Cited by 227 publications

References 21 publications

The Role of Boron in B/C/N and B/C Materials as an Anode of Sodium Ion Batteries

The Role of Boron in B/C/N and B/C Materials as an Anode of Sodium Ion Batteries

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries: Improving the rate capability of carbon anode materials by templating strategies

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

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