Electrochemical insertion of sodium in pitch-based carbon fibres in comparison with graphite in NaClO4–ethylene carbonate electrolyte

A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes

“…The reversibility of the hard carbon was found to depend on the carbon particle sizes. To further confirmed the dependency of the sodium reversibility and carbon particle sizes, Billaud's group investigated the electrochemical properties of two types of pitch-based carbon fibres in comparison with graphite [37]. The sodium uptake increases when the structure is less graphitized pointing out that the electrochemical performances of carbonaceous materials still depend on size of the particles.…”

“…At the earliest stage, carbon based materials have been studied extensively [12,15,37]. However, these anode material delivered low capacity and suffer from either large initial capacity loss or inadequate cyclability, presumably because of the mismatching of graphite interlayer distance (d 002 = 0.334 nm) with the larger Na + ions.…”

Highly stable and ultrafast electrode reaction of graphite for sodium ion batteries

“…However, the electrolytes used in those studies were solid-electrolyte [42] or carbonate-based electrolytes [43] which only allow unsolvated sodium intercalation and result in the generation of binary GICs. In this work, the selected TGM is a foldable linear ether-based solvent with strong polarity and can co-intercalate with sodium ions to form ternary intercalation compounds.…”

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries: Improving the rate capability of carbon anode materials by templating strategies

“…11 Several types of non-graphitic carbon materials have been tested and capacities between 100 and 300 mA h g À1 under differing conditions were found. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Although these capacities are promising, the cells were only cycled for a few times and, more importantly, could be only obtained at extremely low currents (typically C-rates between C/70 and C/80) or at elevated temperatures ($60 C), which indicates very sluggish kinetics for the sodium storage process (Table S1 †). Thus alternative carbon materials are needed in order to achieve satisfying performance at room temperature and at higher currents.…”