Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Care

Abstract

Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most successful application of electrochemical biosensor technology and has motivated tremendous improvements in biology, chemistry, measurement, and fabrication methods of biosensors. The performance of electrochemical biosensors used for BGM has improved greatly over the last four decades. Technological advance has allowed to measure blood glucose (BG) over a wide range of glucose concentration, a wide temperature and hematocrit range in the presence of an abundance of interfering substances with ever-increasing accuracy, and precision in minute sample volumes. The use of optimized enzymes, mediators, and electrochemical measurement methods enables this tremendous progress in performance. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems based on minimally invasive amperometric sensors, inserted into the subcutaneous tissue, have significantly improved over initial offerings over the last 15 years with regard to time of use, accuracy, reliability, and convenience due to a multitude of parallel advances: materials needed for enzyme immobilization, polymeric cover membranes, and biocompatible coatings needed to tackle the response by the complex body interface have been developed; wireless transfer and processing of unprecedented data volume have been established; effortless and painless insertion schemes of ever smaller sensors have been realized in order to overcome the concerns of persons with diabetes (PwDs) to use a minimally invasive sensor; and scalable manufacturing technologies of miniaturized minimally invasive sensors have allowed for ever improved reproducibility and increased production volume. Looking ahead, the demands on blood glucose system performance G. Ocvirk (*) Roche Diabetes Care GmbH, Mannheim, Germany e-mail: gregor.ocvirk@roche.com H. Buck and S.H. DuVall Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA e-mail: harvey.buck@roche.com; stacy.duvall@roche.com are expected to grow even as the pressures to lower the cost of systems increase. The drive for the future is to continue to push the limits on system performance under real-life conditions while lowering cost, all while finding ways to provide the best medical value to PwDs and healthcare providers. Technical issues of commercially available CGM sensors remain to be solved which currently impede reliable hypo-and hyperglycemic alarms, safe insulin dosing recommendations, or insulin pump control at any time of use. It is realistic to assume that continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems will be adopted in the future by a larger population of PwDs. Yet it is also clear that BGM systems will remain a major choice of the great majority of PwDs on a global scale. This review offers a technical overview about user, system, and major regulatory requirements and available suitable sensor technology and demonstrated performance of electrochemical BGM and CGM systems from an industrial R&D perspective.

Glucose Sensor Strip Using Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase with Quinones as Redox Mediators

“…Therefore, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is important for those with diabetes. (1)(2)(3)(4) Glucose levels in small-volume blood samples (~1 μL) can be measured with high accuracy using electrochemical self-monitoring devices. Recently, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) has been widely used as a glucose-oxidizing enzyme instead of glucose oxidase (GOx).…”

“…Fungus-derived FAD-GDH generally requires the use of a mediator; potassium ferricyanide has been utilized to date. (1,2,4) The principle of the sensor strip is that blood glucose is oxidized by the enzyme, and an equivalent amount of ferricyanide is reduced to ferrocyanide, and the resulting ferrocyanide is electrochemically oxidized at the electrode. (1,2) The amount of glucose can be determined from the generated oxidation current using a calibration curve.…”

Grafen Oksit-Polianilin Nanokompozit Temelli Amperometrik Glukoz Biyosensörü Geliştirilmesi

“…Ayrıca, glukoz konsantrasyonunun önemli olduğu diyabet ve endokrin metabolik hastalıklarında doğru ve hızlı bir şekilde tayin edilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir [6][7]. Glukoz miktarını belirlemek için birçok yöntem bulunmaktadır.…”