Electrochemical degradation of phenol using electrodes of Ti/RuO2–Pt and Ti/IrO2–Pt

Li, Miao; Feng, Chuanping; Hu, Weiwu; Zhang, Zhenya; Sugiura, Norío

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.063

Cited by 168 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The current efficiencies for phenol and chlorophenol oxidations were based on the COD measurements, according to equation 1: 1,2,11,28 (1) where, (COD) t and (COD) t+Dt are the COD (mg O 2 L -1 ) at time t and t + Dt (s), respectively. I is the current (A), F the Faraday constant (96487 C mol -1 ), V the solution volume (L) and 8 is the gram equivalent of oxygen.…”

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While chlorine is more stable in acidic environment since the ionization constant of hypochlorous acid is 2.95 × 10 -8 (pK a = 7.53). However, the indirect electrochemical oxidation presents some drawbacks, for instance the possible formation of persistent organochloride compounds 2,24,25 and the low resistance of electrode materials in this medium.…”

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy consumption (EC) for the removal of 10 3 g of COD was determined through equation 2: 14,29 (2) where, t is the electrolysis time (h), U is the cell applied potential (V), I is the current (A), V the solution volume (L) and DCOD the COD difference (mg L -1 ).…”

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] They are refractory to conventional treatment process and, in the presence of chlorine, they may produce chlorophenols, which are carcinogenic and even more refractory to degradation than the phenols themselves. [4][5][6] There are several available processes to treat effluents containing phenols, such as biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, oxidation in supercritical water and electrochemical oxidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organic compounds present in solution were extracted with dichloromethane at pH 2 (adjusted with H 2 SO 4 ) and analyzed with the GC/MS according to USEPA 8270D method. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) determination was carried out using oxidation with potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid and heating for 2 h at 150 °C according to Hanna method using a spectrophotometer model HI 83099.The current efficiencies for phenol and chlorophenol oxidations were based on the COD measurements, according to equation 1: 1,2,11,28 (1) where, (COD) t and (COD) t+Dt are the COD (mg O 2 L -1 ) at time t and t + Dt (s), respectively. I is the current (A), F the Faraday constant (96487 C mol -1 ), V the solution volume (L) and 8 is the gram equivalent of oxygen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Santos¹,

Afonso²,

Dutra³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Foram investigadas as influências do tempo de eletrólise, da área anódica, da densidade de corrente e do tipo de eletrólito na degradação de fenol e de seus subprodutos de oxidação em anodo de Ti/RuO 2 . Foi observado que na presença de cloreto ocorreu rápida degradação de fenol e de seus subprodutos. Resultados de cromatografia gasosa/espectroscopia de massa (GC/MS) mostraram que a presença de cloreto levou à formação inicial de clorofenóis através do Cl 2 e/ou OCl¯ gerados durante a eletrólise. Entretanto, eles posteriormente atuaram na degradação dos clorofenóis. As concentrações limites estabelecidas pelo Órgão Ambiental Brasileiro (CONAMA) para descartes de fenol e clorofenóis foram obtidas após 360 min de eletrólise a uma densidade de corrente fixa de 10 mA cm -2 . Voltamogramas cíclicos obtidos antes e após 436 h de eletrólise em condições severas de salinidade (2 mol L -1 ) e densidade de corrente (800 mA cm -2 ) mostraram que o eletrodo de Ti/RuO 2 não perdeu suas propriedades eletrocatalíticas.The influences of electrolysis time, anodic area, current density and supporting electrolyte on phenol and its byproducts degradation on a Ti/RuO 2 anode were investigated. It was observed that phenol and its byproducts were rapidly broken down in the presence of chloride ions. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) data have shown that the presence of chloride ions lead to chlorophenols formation, due to reactions with Cl 2 and/or OCl¯ generated during electrolysis. However, these intermediate products were also degraded later by the oxidizing agents. The standards established by the CONAMA (Brazilian National Council for the Environment) for phenols and chlorophenols in effluents were achieved after 360 min of electrolysis with a current density of 10 mA cm -2 . Cyclic voltammograms obtained with the anodes before and after 436 h of electrolysis under severe salinity conditions (2 mol L -1 ) and current density (800 mA cm -2 ) showed that Ti/RuO 2 did not lose its electrocatalytic properties. This fact indicates that Ti/RuO 2 can be used for the treatment of effluents containing phenols in a chloride environment. Keywords: electrooxidation, phenols, chlorophenols, supporting electrolyte IntroductionPhenols are persistent organic compounds found in aqueous effluents from domestic activities such as cooking, washing and bathing, as well as petroleum refineries, steel plants, dyeing manufacturing, pharmaceutical and plastic industries. [1][2][3][4] They are refractory to conventional treatment process and, in the presence of chlorine, they may produce chlorophenols, which are carcinogenic and even more refractory to degradation than the phenols themselves. [4][5][6] There are several available processes to treat effluents containing phenols, such as biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, oxidation in supercritical water and electrochemical oxidation. 6-8 Furthermore, some of those processes, for instance photocatalytic oxidation process, presents high operational costs and operational issues due...

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Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Santos¹,

Afonso²,

Dutra³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Electrooxidation using SnO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂|Ti and IrO₂–Ta₂O₅|Ti anodes as tertiary treatment of oil refinery effluent

Treviño‐Reséndez,

Medel,

Cárdenas

et al. 2023

Applied Research

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In the present work, treatability studies were carried out with oil refinery wastewater (effluent from the secondary treatment) using electrooxidation (EO) process employing two mixed oxide anodes: SnO2‐RuO2‐IrO2|Ti and IrO2‐Ta2O5|Ti. Both electrodes’ performance were compared by their capacity to generate active chlorine in a synthetic solution and organic matter mineralization of a sample with an average phenol concentration of 100 mg L‐1. Prior to degradation experiments, surface analysis, and linear sweep voltammetry tests were performed. SnO2‐RuO2‐IrO2|Ti anode yielded higher active chlorine, reaching an average concentration of 340 mg L‐1 at 90 min of electrolysis and 25 mA cm‐2. On the other hand, IrO2‐Ta2O5|Ti anode only generated an average concentration of 200 mg L‐1 at 90 min and 40 mA cm‐2. Regarding the degradation experiments, SnO2‐RuO2‐IrO2|Ti anode showed the highest dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal, ranging from 26% to 40%. In addition, through a three‐dimensional excitation‐emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence analysis, it was possible to elucidate the degradation of phenol and some possible polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in the effluent. The results suggested that 65‐90% of the hydrocarbons and phenol present in the effluent were degraded with the SnO2‐RuO2‐IrO2|Ti anode applying 25 mA cm‐2 within the first 30 min of electrolysis, reaching almost 99% degradation at 90 min. The EO process using SnO2‐RuO2‐IrO2|Ti can be an alternative for tertiary treatment of oil refinery wastewater for degradation and mineralization of the remaining organic matter of secondary effluents (biological processes) via active chlorine species.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Preparation and electrochemical performance of uniform RuO₂/Ti and RuO₂‐IrO₂/Ti electrode for electrolysis of NaCl solution

Ren

Liu

et al. 2019

Can J Chem Eng

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The electrochemical preparation of NaClO has been widely used for the production of industrial disinfectant. To reduce the cost of electrode preparation using the brushing method, this paper introduces a method for the electrodeposition for RuO2/Ti and RuO2‐IrO2/Ti preparation and NaCl solution electrolysis. The deposition of Ir improves the uniformity and stability of the RuO2/Ti electrode. The optimum preparation conditions and additive concentrations were investigated in detail through the orthogonal experiment. By adjusting the electroplating time, temperature and voltage, the electrode with a high content of available chlorine was synthesized successfully. The physicochemical properties of the as‐prepared RuO2/Ti and RuO2‐IrO2/Ti were determined by XRD, SEM‐EDS, and XPS, and the electrochemical performance and lifetime of the RuO2/Ti and RuO2‐IrO2/Ti was verified via an electrochemical workstation. Uniform and stable RuO2/TiO2 and RuO2‐IrO2/TiO2 were synthesized successfully for the electrolysis of the NaCl solution.

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Electrochemical degradation of phenol using electrodes of Ti/RuO2–Pt and Ti/IrO2–Pt

Cited by 168 publications

References 31 publications

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Electrooxidation using SnO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂|Ti and IrO₂–Ta₂O₅|Ti anodes as tertiary treatment of oil refinery effluent

Preparation and electrochemical performance of uniform RuO₂/Ti and RuO₂‐IrO₂/Ti electrode for electrolysis of NaCl solution

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Electrochemical degradation of phenol using electrodes of Ti/RuO2–Pt and Ti/IrO2–Pt

Cited by 168 publications

References 31 publications

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Electrooxidation using SnO2–RuO2–IrO2|Ti and IrO2–Ta2O5|Ti anodes as tertiary treatment of oil refinery effluent

Preparation and electrochemical performance of uniform RuO2/Ti and RuO2‐IrO2/Ti electrode for electrolysis of NaCl solution

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Product

Resources

About

Electrooxidation using SnO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂|Ti and IrO₂–Ta₂O₅|Ti anodes as tertiary treatment of oil refinery effluent

Preparation and electrochemical performance of uniform RuO₂/Ti and RuO₂‐IrO₂/Ti electrode for electrolysis of NaCl solution