Electrochemical and optical biosensing platforms for the immunorecognition of hazelnut Cor a 14 allergen

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

“…The MIP sensor was applied to mixtures of pasta containing known amounts of hazelnut as models of real samples. The electrochemical MIP sensor determined 0.16 mg kg −1 of Cor a 14 in 1.0 mg kg −1 of hazelnut in pasta, which was the same LOD reported for the corresponding electrochemical immunosensor in Section 4.1 [ 92 ]…”

“…Recently, two label-free electrochemical immunosensors were developed for determining Cor a 14, using two types of customized antibodies, namely anti-Cor a 14 IgG (raised in rabbit) and anti-Cor a 14 IgY (raised in hen eggs) [ 92 ]. The antibodies were immobilized via EDC/NHS protocol on AuSPEs, after the self-assembling monolayer (SAM) functionalization of the Au electrode surface with mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA).…”

Detection of Allergenic Proteins in Foodstuffs: Advantages of the Innovative Multiplex Allergen Microarray-Based Immunoassay Compared to Conventional Methods

“…When the biological receptor is a specific antibody and the analyte is an allergen recognized by that antibody, then the biosensor can be used to detect an allergen in a sample [ 58 ]. For instance, biosensors have been used to detect several individual allergens in food samples with high specificity and sensitivity, such as porcine albumin [ 59 ], peanut Ara h 1 [ 60 ] and Ara h 6 in commercially processed foods [ 61 ], Sin a 1 in mustard seeds [ 62 ], β-lactoglobulin in dairy products [ 63 ] and hazelnut Cor a 14 [ 64 ]. Biosensors are sensitive, specific, easy to use, fast and can be used multiple times.…”

Recent Developments in the Field of Optical Immunosensors Focusing on a Label-Free, White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy-Based Immunosensing Platform

“…An all-fiber-optic immunosensor based on elliptical core helical intermediate fiber grating (E-HIPFG) was developed and evaluated through the detection of human IgG after functionalizing the sensor surface with a goat anti-human IgG antibody [ 69 ]. Two immunosensors based on specific antibodies against the Cor a 14-hazelnut allergen and electrochemical or SPR-based optical detection were reported and proposed as a platform for hazelnut allergen analysis in food; mammalian IgG and avian IgY anti-analyte antibodies were immobilized on the gold-coated sensors’ surface, with the latter leading to a better outcome regarding mainly assay specificity [ 70 ]. Moreover, an immunosensor for COVID-19 diagnosis was reported based on antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein; the capture antibodies were conjugated to light scattering particles, while the detection ones were immobilized on an optical waveguide film [ 71 ].…”

“…The normalized spectrum is further processed through the Levenberg–Marquart algorithm [ 70 ] to calculate the thickness of the biomolecular adlayer ( Figure 1 d), d 1 , from the shift in the interference spectrum wavelength, δλ, according to Equation (2): Δλ = r1 × [1 − r 2 2 /(r 1 + r 2 ) × (1 + r 1 × r 2 )] × (n 1 × d 1 /n 2 × d 2 ) × λ 0m where r 1 and r 2 and n 1 and n 2 are the Fresnel coefficients and refractive indices of the biomolecular and the SiO 2 layer, respectively, d 1 and d 2 are the thickness of the two layers, and λ is the wavelength, where λ 0m is the reflectance extremum.…”