Electroacupuncture Increases CB2 Receptor Expression on Keratinocytes and Infiltrating Inflammatory Cells in Inflamed Skin Tissues of Rats

Zhang, Jing; Chen, Lin; Su, Tangfeng; Cao, Fuliang; Meng, Xianhong; Pei, Lei; Shi, Jing; Pan, Hui Lin; Li, Man

doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.013

Cited by 37 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…dynorphin, enkephalins, and endorphins) from immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, which subsequently stimulate μ, δ and κ opioid receptors expressed on peripheral nerve terminals [146,172,173]. Studies that have pharmaceutically blocked endogenous opioids and opioid receptors have been shown to prevent mechanical and thermal analgesia in animal models secondary to DN [146,174].…”

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang et al further reported an upregulation in the expression of CB2 receptors on macrophages, T-lymphocytes and keratinocytes already present in inflamed skin tissue [179]. In addition, DN stimulates the release of endogenous anandmide, a CB2 receptor ligand and an analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [172,173]. A recent study by Su et al found that EDN resulted in an increase in mRNA levels of POMC, a β-endorphin precursor, and protein levels of β-endorphin in keratinocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes [172].…”

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, Zhang et al reported that inflammation and EDN are able to independently increase the number of CB2 receptors in affected tissue [173]. Moreover, the combination of inflammation and EDN result in greater CB2 expression than either alone [173].…”

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the combination of inflammation and EDN result in greater CB2 expression than either alone [173]. Thus, the purpose of CB2 expression following EDN is a bit unclear.…”

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms of Pain and Dry Needling Mediated Analgesia: A Clinical Resource Guide for Health Care Professionals

Butts¹,

Dunning²

2016

Int J Phys Med Rehabil

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There are a number of biochemical, biomechanical, endocrinological and neurovascular mechanisms underpinning the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of dry needling (DN). While myofascial trigger points likely play a role in peripheral pain, a diagnostic tool for localizing them has not been validated, and DN studies that have targeted trigger points to elicit localized twitch responses have reported mixed results. Therefore, the mechanism responsible for DN-mediated analgesia may be more complicated. DN activates opioid-based pain reduction, mediated by endogenous cannabinoids and the sympathetic nervous system, and non-opioid pain relief via serotonin and norepinephrine from the brain stem. DN also triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis centrally and the corticotropin releasing hormone-proopiomelanocortin-corticosteroid axis locally to inhibit cox-2, reducing inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies demonstrate that DN combined with mechanical and/or electrical stimulation may reverse PKC-mediated peripheral hyperalgesic priming by normalizing nociceptive channels, to include TRPV, ASIC, TTX and P2X/Y. Electrical DN (EDN) stimulates immune cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes to release CGRP and substance-P, altering the stimulation of TTX receptors to reverse hyperalgesia. It also encourages the supraoptic nucleus to release oxytocin to quiet ASIC receptors peripherally and stimulate opioid interneurons spinally. Moreover, EDN inhibits ERK1/2 kinase pathways of inflammation in the spinal cord and stimulates Aδ fibers and N/OFQ to reverse C-fiber mediated central changes. Mechanotransduction of fibroblasts and peripheral nerves via TRPV1 and P2X/Y-mediated intracellular Ca 2+ wave propagation and subsequent activation of the nucleus accumbens inhibits spinal pain transmission via glycinergic and opioidergic interneurons. The increased ATP is metabolized to adenosine, which activates P1 purinergic receptors, events considered key to DN analgesia and rho kinase-based tissue remodeling. Mechanotransduction-mediated release of histamine further explains analgesia secondary to needling points distal to pain. DN-mediated analgesia is dependent on a number of synergistic physiologic events involving biochemical and mechanical processes in neural, connective and muscle tissue.

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Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the combination of inflammation and EDN result in greater CB2 expression than either alone [173]. Thus, the purpose of CB2 expression following EDN is a bit unclear.…”

Section: The Role Of the Endocannabinoid System In Dry Needling-mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms of Pain and Dry Needling Mediated Analgesia: A Clinical Resource Guide for Health Care Professionals

Butts¹,

Dunning²

2016

Int J Phys Med Rehabil

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show abstract

“…Lin et al [72] shown that AA enhance the physiological abilities by lowering athletes' heart rates at rest, decreasing oxygen intake, and expediting excretion of post-exercise blood lactic acids. Electroacupunture, another form of acupuncture increases the cannabinoid receptor expression not only on "stationary" keratinocytes but also on "circulating" infiltrating inflammatory cells, like macrophages or T-lymphocytes [73].…”

Section: Conclusion -Proposed Therapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: When West Meets East – Actual Medical Concepts with Ancient World Ideas

Gajewski¹,

Maśliński²,

Rzodkiewicz³

et al. 2013

Innovative Rheumatology

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Electroacupuncture reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in inflamed skin tissues through activation of cannabinoid CB2 receptors

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2011

European Journal of Pain

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Endogenous cannabinoids and peripheral cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) are involved in the antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on inflammatory pain. However, it is not clear how CB2R activation contributes to the antinociceptive effect of EA. The major proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, are involved in inflammatory pain. Here we determined the effects of CB2R activation and EA on the expression level of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in inflamed skin tissues. Inflammatory pain was induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the left hindpaw of rats. Thermal hyperalgesia was tested with a radiant heat stimulus, and mechanical allodynia was quantified using von Frey filaments. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in inflamed skin tissues were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Local injection of the selective CB2R agonist AM1241 or EA applied to GB30 and GB34 significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia induced by tissue inflammation. The specific CB2R antagonist AM630 significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effect of EA. Furthermore, EA or AM1241 treatment significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in inflamed skin tissues. In addition, pretreatment with AM630 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of EA on these cytokine levels in inflamed skin tissues. Our results suggest that EA reduces inflammatory pain and proinflammatory cytokines in inflamed skin tissues through activation of CB2Rs.

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Electroacupuncture Increases CB2 Receptor Expression on Keratinocytes and Infiltrating Inflammatory Cells in Inflamed Skin Tissues of Rats

Cited by 37 publications

References 37 publications

Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms of Pain and Dry Needling Mediated Analgesia: A Clinical Resource Guide for Health Care Professionals

Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms of Pain and Dry Needling Mediated Analgesia: A Clinical Resource Guide for Health Care Professionals

Gas-Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: When West Meets East – Actual Medical Concepts with Ancient World Ideas

Electroacupuncture reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in inflamed skin tissues through activation of cannabinoid CB2 receptors

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