Electro-optic entanglement source for microwave to telecom quantum state transfer

Abstract

We propose an efficient microwave-photonic modulator as a resource for stationary entangled microwaveoptical fields and develop the theory for deterministic entanglement generation and quantum state transfer in multi-resonant electro-optic systems. The device is based on a single crystal whispering gallery mode resonator integrated into a 3D microwave cavity. The specific design relies on a new combination of thin-film technology and conventional machining that is optimized for the lowest dissipation rates in the microwave, optical and mechanical domains. We extract important device properties from finite element simulations and predict continuous variable entanglement generation rates on the order of a Mebit/s for optical pump powers of only a few tens of microwatt. We compare the quantum state transfer fidelities of coherent, squeezed and non-Gaussian catstates for both teleportation and direct conversion protocols under realistic conditions. Combining the unique capabilities of circuit quantum electrodynamics with the resilience of fiber optic communication could facilitate long distance solid-state qubit networks, new methods for quantum signal synthesis, quantum key distribution, and quantum enhanced detection, as well as more power-efficient classical sensing and modulation.

Coherent Conversion Between Microwave and Optical Photons—An Overview of Physical Implementations

“…A cooperativity of was demonstrated, leading to an efficiency of . This architecture has also been proposed as a source of entangled microwave and optical fields, by exploiting spontaneous parametric down‐conversion processes …”

“…As efficiencies of converters rise toward unity, this figure of merit will become a key parameter. Calculations of the fidelity for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian quantum states as a function of the cooperativity and coupling rates in triple resonant systems are presented by Rueda et al . These calculations were introduced for the case of a triple‐resonant electro‐optic device.…”

“…Microwave‐optical squeezing and entanglement for the presented systems are theoretically analyzed in refs. [] and the performance of microwave to optical converters as Einstein–Podolski–Rosen source for teleportation are analyzed in refs. [].…”

Entanglement of Microwave and Optical Fields Using Electrical Capacitor Loaded With Plasmonic Graphene Waveguide

“…These include two optical fields entanglement using beam splitter [10], [11] (or nonlinear medium [12], [13]), two trapped ions entanglement [14], entanglement of optical photon and phonon pair [15], entanglement of two optomechanical systems [16], [17] optical photon entanglement with electron spin [18], entanglement of mechanical motion with microwave field [19], entanglement of micormechanical resonator with optical field [20], [21], and entanglement of two microwave radiations [22], [23]. Furthermore, recent reports have proposed schemes for microwave and optical fields entanglement [24]- [26]. As a mater of fact, achieving entangled microwave and optical fields is very vital to combined superconductivity with quantum photonic systems [27], which enables efficient quantum computation and communications.…”

“…While this approach avoids the thermal noise restriction and can be designed to be tunable, the bandwidth of the photodetector and the Varactor capacitor (and their noise figures) imposes the performance limitations. A recent approach is proposed in [26] for microwave and optical fields entanglement using whispering gallery mode resonator filled with electro-optical material. In this approach, an optical field is coupled to the whispering gallery resonator while a microwave field drives the resonator.…”