Electric Springs—A New Smart Grid Technology

Hui, S. Y. Ron; Lee, Chi Kwan; Wu, F.F.

doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2200701

Cited by 402 publications

(282 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…One key function of the ES is to ensure that the noncritical load profile follows that of the intermittent wind power profile. This is an effective approach to enforce the new control paradigm of power demand following power supply [20]. In practice, the power balance between supply and demand may not be achieved solely by the variation of the non-critical load power consumption.…”

Section: B Weak Power Grid (I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, it reduces the cooling cost of the building by benefiting from the relatively low electricity costs during the off-peak hours in some countries. This paper describes firstly how an ice-thermal storage can be turned into a smart load with the use of an electric spring with active and reactive power compensation capabilities [20]- [22]. Then it demonstrates that such adaptive load when embedded into a building energy system can provide extra benefits for the power grid, including instantaneous demand response for the power grid and power balancing within the building's power system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Adaptive Thermal Storage System as Smart Load for Voltage Control and Demand Response

Luo

Lee

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

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 Abstract--This paper describes how a large-scale ice-thermal storage can be turned into a smart load for fast voltage control and demand-side management in power systems with intermittent renewable power whilst maintaining its existing function of load shaving. The possibility of modifying a conventional thermal load has been practically demonstrated in a refrigerator using power electronics technology. With the help of an electric spring, the modified thermal load can reduce power imbalance in buildings whilst providing active and reactive power compensation for the power grid. Based on practical data, a building energy model incorporating a largescale ice-thermal storage system has been successfully used to demonstrate the advantageous demand-response features using computer simulation of both grid connected and isolated power systems. The results indicate the potential of using ice-thermal storage in tall buildings in reducing voltage and frequency fluctuations in weak power grids. Almost all urban population growth in the next 30 years will occur in cities of developing countries. According to [2], there are over 411 cities with population over 1 million. In Europe, buildings consume about 40% of total electricity [3]. In many large Asian cities, such as Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei, plans have been made to install offshore wind farms. Such off wind farms will be linked to the local power grids that supply electricity to many tall buildings. In a recent real case study on the impact of offshore wind farm connection in Taiwan [4], four issues have been highlighted. They are: load flow, fault current, voltage variation and transient stability. In large Asian cities, residential, commercial and industrial buildings consume over 90% of the total electricity generated for the city. Commercial buildings alone consume 66% of total electricity and are therefore the major factor in power consumption [5] (Fig.1) consumption of tall buildings can in principle be "smartly controlled" with modern Power Electronics Technology so that it can be "adaptive" to the availability of traditional and renewable power generation. If this can be achieved, new doors could be opened to utilize the smart building energy concept to interact with future power grid fed with a mixture of traditional and renewable power generation. Smart building energy usage can be a highly effective demand-response solution to meeting the objectives of enhancing power system stability and reducing energy wastage, energy storage requirements and operating costs.Energy storage is an effective means to handle power supply and demand imbalance. However, large-scale battery storage is usually not practically viable because of cost, limited capacities and environmental issues. In tall buildings, thermal load is a considerable portion of the total electric load. It is shown in [6] that thermal loads contribute to about 45% of the total electric power consumption in buildings (Fig.1). The use of thermal energy storage in commercial buildings has been consid...

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Section: B Weak Power Grid (I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Adaptive Thermal Storage System as Smart Load for Voltage Control and Demand Response

Luo

Lee

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

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“…New voltage regulation devices are essential to improve the feeder voltage profile and meet the power quality requirements of critical customers. The electric spring (ES) was introduced in [16] to implement Hooke's law for electrical systems. The device can facilitate non-critical loads to provide grid services in respect of voltage and frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results verified the capability and flexibility of the ES in supporting the voltage of a bus where critical ''load'' is allocated. According to [7,16], the term ''critical'' load refers to an electric load that requires a well-regulated mains voltage. However, the original version of the ES has two limitations: À it is better at a supporting function to prevent under-voltage than a suppressing function to prevent over-voltage;`its voltage regulation performance depends strongly on load characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consensus control of electric spring using back-to-back converter for voltage regulation with ultra-high renewable penetration

Zheng

Zhang

Hill

et al. 2017

J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy

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Recent advances in a power electronic device called an electric spring (ES) provide feasible solutions to meeting critical customers' requirements for voltage quality. A new version of the ES was introduced based on a back-to-back converter (ESBC) configuration which extends the operating range and improves the voltage suppression performance to facilitate ultra-high renewable penetration. This paper proposes an efficient control method to facilitate the voltage regulation function of an ESBC with non-critical loads. Particularly, the proposed method is suitable for various load characteristics. We also develop a consensus algorithm to coordinate multiple ESs for maintaining critical bus voltage in distribution systems with ultra-high renewable penetration. The proposed operation of the ESBC is verified by simulation of a modified IEEE 15-bus distribution network. The results show that the ESBC can effectively regulate system voltage and is superior to the original version of the ES.

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A real time control strategy for improvement of autonomous operation in AC / DC micro grids using electric springs

Cherukuri

Kuhada

Kachhad

et al. 2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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The work presented in this article proposes a new centralized control strategy for energy management in grid interactive hybrid micro grids using AC and DC electric springs based on the available generation. The planned control strategy is very simple to implement and requires few mathematical calculations. Unlike many offline algorithms presented in literature, the proposed methodology works based on the voltage level at the load and generation buses on real time basis. The specific aim of this work is to reduce the energy served by the main grid during demand supply gaps in the micro grids. The considered hybrid micro grid consists of both AC and DC loads broadly classified as critical and noncritical loads of which critical loads are considered as uncontrollable loads. In this article, the energy conservation from main grid is achieved by making noncritical loads consume less power during generation uncertainties in the microsources. The simulations models and studies of the proposed online control technique are performed in MATLAB.

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Electric Springs—A New Smart Grid Technology

Cited by 402 publications

References 14 publications

Use of Adaptive Thermal Storage System as Smart Load for Voltage Control and Demand Response

Use of Adaptive Thermal Storage System as Smart Load for Voltage Control and Demand Response

Consensus control of electric spring using back-to-back converter for voltage regulation with ultra-high renewable penetration

A real time control strategy for improvement of autonomous operation in AC / DC micro grids using electric springs

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