Electric Convulsive Therapy of the Psychoneuroses

Shock therapy: psychologic theory and research.

“…More adequate research substantiation is needed before the superiority of any one shock procedure is established for the treatment of any specific psychiatric syndrome. More and more it appears that the intensity of treatment, of whatever kind, is the important consideration, and it may very well be, as Kalinowsky (70) suggests, that even manic excitement may be controlled by shock therapy provided the confusional form of treatment described by Lbwenbach ( 86) is used, although Lb'wenbach, himself, believes that convulsive treatment is of little value in mania.…”

“…Weigert (149), who is a psychoanalyst and therefore more critically resistant to overenthusiasm about shock treatment, writes that the patients are changed in emotional behavior during shock therapy for a more or less limited time without having changed their fundamental attitudes towards life-problems. But Kalinowsky (70), too, agrees that, at least in psychoneurotic depressions, although the depression is favorably treated, the neurotic attitudes remain. Varying the emphasis somewhat, Schilder (126) thought that the "psychoses and the psychotic symptoms are not forgotten" but that the individuals have changed their emotional attitudes.…”

“…In this latter respect it is interesting to know that Sakel in his early studies attached a certain therapeutic importance to epileptic and epileptoid motor reactions and stressed the necessity of long treatment not only for the modification of secondary symptoms but also for the control of the symptoms of the "activated psychosis" which Sakel thought to occur at a stage in the treatment when the patient showed no signs of his psychosis except during the hypoglycemic state. However, as Kalinowsky (70) particularly points out, the acute psychotic picture which Sakel called the activation of the psychosis is undoubtedly a transient organic reaction to the treatment and very probably would occur in a non-psychotic subject as it does, indeed, in psychoneurotic subjects.…”

Shock therapy: psychologic theory and research.

“…More adequate research substantiation is needed before the superiority of any one shock procedure is established for the treatment of any specific psychiatric syndrome. More and more it appears that the intensity of treatment, of whatever kind, is the important consideration, and it may very well be, as Kalinowsky (70) suggests, that even manic excitement may be controlled by shock therapy provided the confusional form of treatment described by Lbwenbach ( 86) is used, although Lb'wenbach, himself, believes that convulsive treatment is of little value in mania.…”

“…Weigert (149), who is a psychoanalyst and therefore more critically resistant to overenthusiasm about shock treatment, writes that the patients are changed in emotional behavior during shock therapy for a more or less limited time without having changed their fundamental attitudes towards life-problems. But Kalinowsky (70), too, agrees that, at least in psychoneurotic depressions, although the depression is favorably treated, the neurotic attitudes remain. Varying the emphasis somewhat, Schilder (126) thought that the "psychoses and the psychotic symptoms are not forgotten" but that the individuals have changed their emotional attitudes.…”

“…In this latter respect it is interesting to know that Sakel in his early studies attached a certain therapeutic importance to epileptic and epileptoid motor reactions and stressed the necessity of long treatment not only for the modification of secondary symptoms but also for the control of the symptoms of the "activated psychosis" which Sakel thought to occur at a stage in the treatment when the patient showed no signs of his psychosis except during the hypoglycemic state. However, as Kalinowsky (70) particularly points out, the acute psychotic picture which Sakel called the activation of the psychosis is undoubtedly a transient organic reaction to the treatment and very probably would occur in a non-psychotic subject as it does, indeed, in psychoneurotic subjects.…”

Shock therapy: psychologic theory and research.

“…More adequate research substantiation is needed before the superiority of any one shock procedure is established for the treatment of any specific psychiatric syndrome. More and more it appears that the intensity of treatment, of whatever kind, is the important consideration, and it may very well be, as Kalinowsky (70) suggests, that even manic excitement may be controlled by shock therapy provided the confusional form of treatment described by Lbwenbach ( 86) is used, although Lb'wenbach, himself, believes that convulsive treatment is of little value in mania.…”

“…Weigert (149), who is a psychoanalyst and therefore more critically resistant to overenthusiasm about shock treatment, writes that the patients are changed in emotional behavior during shock therapy for a more or less limited time without having changed their fundamental attitudes towards life-problems. But Kalinowsky (70), too, agrees that, at least in psychoneurotic depressions, although the depression is favorably treated, the neurotic attitudes remain. Varying the emphasis somewhat, Schilder (126) thought that the "psychoses and the psychotic symptoms are not forgotten" but that the individuals have changed their emotional attitudes.…”

“…In this latter respect it is interesting to know that Sakel in his early studies attached a certain therapeutic importance to epileptic and epileptoid motor reactions and stressed the necessity of long treatment not only for the modification of secondary symptoms but also for the control of the symptoms of the "activated psychosis" which Sakel thought to occur at a stage in the treatment when the patient showed no signs of his psychosis except during the hypoglycemic state. However, as Kalinowsky (70) particularly points out, the acute psychotic picture which Sakel called the activation of the psychosis is undoubtedly a transient organic reaction to the treatment and very probably would occur in a non-psychotic subject as it does, indeed, in psychoneurotic subjects.…”

Shock therapy: psychologic theory and research.

“…More adequate research substantiation is needed before the superiority of any one shock procedure is established for the treatment of any specific psychiatric syndrome. More and more it appears that the intensity of treatment, of whatever kind, is the important consideration, and it may very well be, as Kalinowsky (70) suggests, that even manic excitement may be controlled by shock therapy provided the confusional form of treatment described by Lbwenbach ( 86) is used, although Lb'wenbach, himself, believes that convulsive treatment is of little value in mania.…”

“…Weigert (149), who is a psychoanalyst and therefore more critically resistant to overenthusiasm about shock treatment, writes that the patients are changed in emotional behavior during shock therapy for a more or less limited time without having changed their fundamental attitudes towards life-problems. But Kalinowsky (70), too, agrees that, at least in psychoneurotic depressions, although the depression is favorably treated, the neurotic attitudes remain. Varying the emphasis somewhat, Schilder (126) thought that the "psychoses and the psychotic symptoms are not forgotten" but that the individuals have changed their emotional attitudes.…”

“…In this latter respect it is interesting to know that Sakel in his early studies attached a certain therapeutic importance to epileptic and epileptoid motor reactions and stressed the necessity of long treatment not only for the modification of secondary symptoms but also for the control of the symptoms of the "activated psychosis" which Sakel thought to occur at a stage in the treatment when the patient showed no signs of his psychosis except during the hypoglycemic state. However, as Kalinowsky (70) particularly points out, the acute psychotic picture which Sakel called the activation of the psychosis is undoubtedly a transient organic reaction to the treatment and very probably would occur in a non-psychotic subject as it does, indeed, in psychoneurotic subjects.…”