El proceso de formación deportiva en la iniciación a los deportes colectivos fundamentado en las características del deportista experto (The process of training from the team sport initiation based on the expert characteristics)

Abstract

La nueva aproximación de formación de expertos ha modificado la antigua visión del proceso de detección de talentos. Dicha perspectiva consiste en evaluar a los deportistas expertos, para analizar su proceso de formación y establecer las variables clave que los diferencia. A consecuencia de este cambio en la comprensión del talento, lo que se pretende con este trabajo es analizar las características que indica la bibliografía sobre los expertos para orientar el proceso de formación deportiva en la fase de iniciación a los deportes colectivos. La iniciación deportiva debe encaminarse al desarrollo de patrones sociales, psicológicos, cognitivos y motrices. El tiempo necesario para aprender, la cantidad de tiempo empleado a un nivel apropiado de dificultad y la cantidad o variabilidad de las experiencias, son variables que marcan el éxito en la enseñanza. Desde un punto de vista global, los aspectos que caracterizan al deportista experto, son los factores genéticos, los de entrenamiento y los aspectos psico–sociales. Sin embargo, la compleja relación entre las distintas variables que influyen en el proceso dificultan la definición del experto. A partir de esta realidad, se elabora una propuesta basada en ocho aspectos fundamentales para el entrenamiento y la formación deportiva integral desde la iniciación a los deportes colectivos.Abstract: The new approach of expert’s formation has modified the old vision of the talents detection process. This perspective consists of evaluating the expertise, to analyze their formation process and to establish the key that difference them. The purpose of this work is to analyze the expertise characteristics that the bibliography indicates to orient the process of training from the team sport initiation. The sport initiation must be directed to the development of social, psychological, cognitive and motor patterns. The time necessary to learn, the amount of time used at an appropriate level of difficulty and the amount or variability of the experiences, are variables that mark the success in sport formation. From a global point of view, the aspects that characterize the expertise are the genetic, the training and the psycho-social factors. However, the complex relationships are considerably affected by any uncertainty in the behaviour of the variables. From this reality, a training proposition is proposed. The training proposition is based on eight fundamental aspects to the training and to the integral sport formation from the team sport initiation.

Effects of the Type of Sports Practice on the Executive Functions of Schoolchildren

“…In the first instance, the characteristics and scope of the study were discussed with the school’s management and faculty, requiring authorization to incorporate participants beginning enrollment in formal sport-based curricular activities (i.e., 5th and 6th primary grades) [ 60 , 61 ]. Once authorization was obtained from the school, the same information was relayed to the parents or legal guardians of the selected classes by means of written communication, and an Informed Consent was sent out.…”

The Coach’s Role in Young Athletes’ Emotional Competence and Psychological Well-being

“…In this sense, the coach's behaviour, their relationship with the athletes, and the way they communicate affect young athletes' training process (Ramírez et al, 2016). However, despite the coach's influence on their athletes, few studies have focused on their role in transmitting emotional competences (Estero, 2008;Sánchez et al, 2001;Villora et al, 2009).…”

Determinantes para a excelência na Orientação: as representações de treinadores e atletas de elite (Determinants for excellence in Orienteering: the representation of elite coaches and athletes) (Determinantes para la excelencia en la orientación: las r

“…Em todos identifica-se um denominador comum que é a qualidade de ser superior comparativamente à generalidade dos indivíduos e, particularmente, em relação aos seus pares. Por outro lado, as diversas abordagens de estudo deste fenómeno humano indicam a existência de uma interação constante entre um conjunto de fatores de natureza interna e externa ao indivíduo que modelam a excelência (Renzulli, 2002;Gagné, 2007;Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Römer, 1993;Baltes, 1993) como sejam os aspetos genéticos, os relacionados com o treino e os aspetos psicossociais (Arias, 2008).…”

“…Porém, constata-se que nem a combinação destes fatores é garantia de sucesso (Baker & Horton, 2004;Arias, 2008), verificando-se, deste modo, que ainda se encontra por esclarecer qual a verdadeira magnitude e influência de cada um deles para um desempenho de excelência (Leite et al, 2012). Assim, mais recentemente, diversos autores têm vindo a argumentar que os desempenhos de excelência são uma consequência da interação bem-sucedida entre os fatores de ordem genética e ambiental do indivíduo (Baker & Horton, 2004;Phillips et al, 2010), confirmando, assim, a necessidade de uma perspetiva mais holística para a compreensão deste fenómeno humano.…”