Ejector and Vapor Injection Enhanced Novel Compression-Absorption Cascade Refrigeration Systems: A Thermodynamic Parametric and Refrigerant Analysis

Multi-objective optimization and 4E (energy, exergy, economy, environmental impact) analysis of a triple cascade refrigeration system

“…The requirement for refrigeration with extremely low temperatures (ranging from −50 to −180 ) is escalating as a result of the rapid expansion of global civilization, particularly for applications involving quick-freezing [ 5 ], preservation of medical supplies [ 6 ], and frozen food preservation to retain quality and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria [ 7 ], in an assortment of industrial processes, including the natural gas [ 8 , 9 ] and the petroleum gas [ 10 ] liquefication, military and national defense equipment [ 8 ], steel alloy treatment processes [ 11 ], vaccines and other medicines preservation for viruses like Covid-19 which needs about −70 [ 12 ], cryogenic processes which are below −100 [ 13 , 14 ], and other applications which require exceedingly low temperatures (freeze drying and chemical industries [ 15 ]). It's not viable to employ a refrigeration system that consists of just one stage of vapor compression due to thermodynamic or economic considerations, as a large temperature gap between the evaporator and the condenser demands high pressure ratio, which results in poor volumetric compressor efficiency, compressor's wear & tear, increase in compressor power, decrease in cooling effect and ultimately poor 1st law efficiency [ [16] , [18] , [17] ]. Furthermore, this large temperature gap results in a decreased evaporator pressure (which makes the system vulnerable to air leakage) and a rise in condenser pressure as well as suction volume (which demand robust pipe designs and fitting that ultimately results in a higher plant cost rate) [ 19 ].…”