Efficient Hole Detour Scheme for Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Geographic routing has been addressed in many literatures of ad hoc sensor networks due to its efficiency and scalability. Void areas (holes) bring Geographic routing some problems such as data congestion and excessive energy consumption of hole boundary nodes. Holes are hardly avoided in wireless sensor networks due to various actual geographical environments, e.g., puddles, buildings or obstacles, or uneven energy consumption, even physical destruction. To bypass a hole, most existing geographic routing protocols tend to route data packets along the boundary of the hole by perimeter routing scheme. This scheme, on one hand, consumes more energy of the nodes on the boundary of the hole, thus possibly enlarging the hole, we call this hole diffusion problem; on the other hand, it may incur data congestion if multiple communication sessions are bypassing the hole simultaneously. In this paper, we propose Efficient Hole Detour Scheme to solve the hole problems faced by geographic routing in wireless sensor networks. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol is superior to other protocols in terms of packet deliver ratio, control overhead, average delivery delay, and energy consumption.

Network lifetime maximising distributed forwarding strategies in Ad Hoc wireless sensor networks

“…If routing holes are still encountered, our implementation of the proposed protocols as well as the reference protocols follow perimeter route as in GPSR [4,47]. Since our primary focus in this work has been providing a proof of concept of our proposed network lifetime maximising forwarding protocols, we did not emphasise on a more advanced detour protocols as in [48,49], which can be considered for performance efficiency in case of sparse networks where the nodes would encounter routing holes more frequently. To have a BER ≤10 23 , transmit power p t for different transmission radii (20 to 50 m) were calculated by using two ray ground propagation model with a fixed receiver threshold of 280 dBm, carrier sense threshold of 286 dBm, and long-term average noise power as 286.7 dBm.…”

A bypassing void routing combining of geographic and virtual coordinate information for WSN

“…To solve the influence of routing voids, some strategies of isolating certain region around a routing void is proposed in [7], [8], [9]. Nodes located in such region are banned from being selected as a relay node in order to prevent data packet from accessing to the routing void.…”

An efficient bypassing void routing protocol based on virtual coordinate mapping for WSN

“…To solve the impact of routing void, a strategy to isolate certain region around a routing void is proposed in [4]. Nodes located in this region are banned from being selected as a relay node in order to prevent data packet from accessing to the routing void.…”