Efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrogen on tin cathode at very high cathodic potentials

Katsounaros, Ioannis; Ipsakis, Dimitris; Polatides, C.; Kyriacou, G.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2006.07.034

Cited by 177 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, to obtain high selectivity in aqueous electrolytes, electrocatalysts with a low exchange current density for hydrogen evolution have been the main candidates, e.g., Sn, Pb, In, Sb. However, the application of cathodic potentials also results in reactions that cause degradation of the electrocatalysts [2]. This degradation can limit electrocatalyst lifetime and thus adversely affect the economics of those technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Katsounaros et al [2] trapped SnH 4 (g) in a silver nitrate solution and measured the Sn content with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Measurable concentrations of SnH 4 (g) were only found for potentials more negative than -2.4 V versus Ag/AgCl.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples include the reduction of nitrate in nuclear waste or drinking water to nitrogen gas [1][2][3][4] and the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to useful products, such as formate [5][6][7]. To drive the reaction at a substantial rate and selectivity, these technologies typically involve the application of high cathodic overpotentials (*-2 V vs. NHE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cathodic degradation mechanisms of pure Sn electrocatalyst in a nitrogen atmosphere

Chiacchiarelli

Zhai²,

Frankel

et al. 2011

J Appl Electrochem

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The application of electrocatalysts used at high cathodic overpotentials for the electrochemical reduction of pollutant species such as CO 2 has revealed a lack of understanding of the cathodic degradation mechanisms of those materials. Pure Sn is one of the most relevant candidate materials mainly because of its high selectivity for the reduction of CO 2 to formic acid and formate salts. Degradation of the electrocatalyst can arise from a combination of cathodic polarization and induced changes to the surface by CO 2 reduction products. In this study, the cathodic degradation mechanisms of pure Sn were studied as a function of rotation rate, time, current density, electrolyte concentration, grain size, and orientation in a nitrogen-saturated atmosphere using a rotating disk electrode. Several degradation morphologies were observed, but three were dominant. In the first type, electrochemical alterations of grains with specific orientations produced substantial weight changes, both losses and gains. The second type resulted in an alkali-rich deposit that had a high coverage but produced small weight changes. The third type consisted of carbon-rich stains that typically had a small coverage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cathodic degradation mechanisms of pure Sn electrocatalyst in a nitrogen atmosphere

Chiacchiarelli

Zhai²,

Frankel

et al. 2011

J Appl Electrochem

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“…In recent works from our laboratory [28,34,35] the electrochemical conversion of nitrate was carried out on Sn with both high rate and high selectivity (%S) (85-92%) towards nitrogen. Other researchers have recently reported a high selectivity to nitrogen on Pt-Sn (85%) [36] and on Pd-Cu (60%) [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate on bismuth cathodes

Dortsiou

Kyriacou

2009

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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“…Some of the reagents that have been used are active metals. Methods include the addition of the metal in powder form to the solution (Murphy 1991;Huang et al 1998;Pintar et al 2001;Huang and Zhang 2004;Yang and Lee 2005;Liou et al 2009) or setting up in a circuit to reduce NO 3 -electrochemically (Katsounaros et al 2006;Ghafari et al 2008;Li et al 2010). Use of active metals, however, showed many limitations in both forms; this is because they can only reduce small quantities of NO 3 -and deliver a mixture of ammonia, nitrogen, and nitrite, which is undesired.…”

Section: Nitrate (Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate removal from water using UV-M/S2O4 2− advanced reduction process

Bensalah

Nicola

Abdel‐Wahab

2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In this work, a new process called advanced reduction process (ARP) was used for nitrate removal from water. This ARP process combines sodium dithionite as reducing agent with ultraviolet irradiation using medium pressure lamps (UV-M) as an activating method. Experimental results showed that UV-M/S 2 O 4 2-process achieved almost complete removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions containing 25 mg NO 3 -/L using stoichiometric dose of dithionite of 68.8 mg/L at neutral pH conditions. Analysis of final products and material balance confirmed that NO 3 -ions were reduced to ammonium with formation of nitrite as intermediates in addition to the formation of small amounts of volatile species, mainly ammonia and nitrogen gas. Effects of certain experimental parameters including dithionite dose, initial pH, initial nitrate concentration, and UV light source on the kinetics and efficiency of nitrate reduction were evaluated. Increasing dithionite dose augmented the rate of nitrate reduction and enhanced the efficiency of ARP process. Dithionite doses higher than stoichiometric ratios led to complete removal of nitrate in shorter reaction time. UV-M/S 2 O 4 2-process was found to be effective only under neutral pH or alkaline conditions, and its removal efficiency is negligible in acidic medium (pH \ 4). Irradiation with UV-M was more effective than low pressure or narrow band lamps. These results can be attributed to the contribution of several mechanisms for nitrate reduction to ammonium. These include the following: direct photolysis, chemical reduction of nitrate dithionite, and mediated reduction of nitrate by free reducing radicals.

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Efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrogen on tin cathode at very high cathodic potentials

Cited by 177 publications

References 58 publications

Cathodic degradation mechanisms of pure Sn electrocatalyst in a nitrogen atmosphere

Cathodic degradation mechanisms of pure Sn electrocatalyst in a nitrogen atmosphere

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate on bismuth cathodes

Nitrate removal from water using UV-M/S2O4 2− advanced reduction process

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