Effects on Vegetation: Native, Crops, Forests

Heck, Walter W.; Heagle, Allen S.; Shrine, D.S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-092605-6.50011-9

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 403 publications

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“…For example, nitrogen oxides (NO~) may react in the atmosphere to form ground-level ozone (Oa), which can adversely affect the human respiratory system and damage crops and natural vegetation (Heck et al, 1986;Chameides et al, 1994). Nitrogen oxides may also react in the atmosphere to form nitric acid or nitrate ion, either of which can contribute to acid deposition (Galloway and Likens, 1981).…”

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For China, we obtained statistics for total N fertilizer from United Nations documents that provided information for 1963-1989(UN Statistical Yearbooks, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979-1980, 1983-1984, 1985-1986, 1988-1989. We obtained information on fertilizer type from Smil (1993), who categorized fertilizer used between 1970 and 1990 as urea, ammonium bicarbonate, and "others."…”

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Galloway

Zhao

Thomson

et al. 1996

Atmospheric Environment

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Abstract--Through fossil-fuel combustion, commercial fertilizer production, and legume and rice cultivation, humans are mobilizing nitrogen (N) at scales that exceed natural terrestrial rates. Globally, ~ 140 Tg of reactive N are mobilized each year; activities in the People's Republic of China (China) and the United States account for approximately 30% of this reactive N. This paper compares N mobilization rates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) atmospheric emission rates for China and the United States over the last few decades and projects the rates to the year 2020. We have estimated that the United States and China currently mobilize about 20 and 25 Tg N yr-x, respectively. In the United States, commercialfertilizer use accounts for about 50% of the annual total; in China, it accounts for about 80%, N emissions to the United States atmosphere are dominated by NO~. China's N emissions are dominated by NH 3 from fertilizer use and domestic animal waste. If recent trends continue, we have projected that by 2020 N mobilization in the United States will differ little from current levels although N mobilization in China will increase significantly because of increased fertilizer use and fossil-fuel combustion.

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Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Galloway

Zhao

Thomson

et al. 1996

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Several excellent 0, reviews are available (Guderian, 1985;Heath, 1980;Heck et al, 1986;Mudd, 1984;Runeckles, 1986), but they have not focused on responses of tree species. Several have addressed impacts on trees but they are either theoretical syntheses or qualitative discussions of response (Winner and Atkinson, 1986;Harkov and Brennan, 1979;Taylor and Norby, 1984;Kozlowski and Constantinidou, 1986a, b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Ozone on the Growth and Yield of Trees: A Review

1988

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Data from 25 experiments on seedlings of 43 tree species and hybrids show that ozone (0,) can reduce growth and photosynthesis at concentrations common in many areas of the USA. Seedlings have been primarily employed for such studies for logislic reasons, and will likely provide the greatest breadth of information for some time IO come. However, a number of impediments limit application of seedling response studies IO assessment of impacts on regional timber production. Large trees differ from seedlings in a number of ways, including C allocation and canopy structure, and methods must be developed IO acrount for these differences if information from seedling studies is to prove useful IO forest impact assessmenl.Understanding how competition mediates individual tree responses will require investigation of whether systematic differences of microclimate leaf morphology that exist across canopies affects foliage sensitivity IO 0,. and whether the maximum growth rates of genolypes are correlated with susceptibility IO 0,. Definitive information on these factors is necessary IO assess imparts of 0, on stand development and diameter distributions in both mulli-and single species stands. Of critical economic importance is whether 0, preferentially damages taller, more valuable individuals within stands and more valuable, faster growing stand types.

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“…It damages crops, vegetation (Heck and Brandt, 1977;Heck et al, 1983), and many materials. For example, ozone cracks rubber (Newton, 1945), fades dyes (Beloin, 1973) 'Wuebbles et al, 1989).…”

Section: Monthly Biomass Burning Sources Of Non-methane Hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting tropospheric ozone and hydroxyl radical in a global, three-dimensional, chemistry, transport, and deposition model

Atherton¹

1995

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PREDICTING TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND HYDROXYL RADI-CAL IN A GLOBAL, THREE-DIMENSIONAL, CHEMISTRY, TRANSPORT, AND DEPOSITION MODELTwo of the most important chemically reactive tropospheric gases are ozone (03) and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Although ozone in the stratosphere is a necessary protector against the sun's radiation, tropospheric ozone is actually a pollutant which damages materials and vegetation, acts as a respiratory irritant, and is a greenhouse gas. One of the two main sources of ozone in the troposphere is photochemical production. The photochemistry is initiated when hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide ( CO) react with nitrogen oxides (NO, = NO + N02) in the presence of sunlight. Reaction with the hydroxyl radical, .OH, is the main sink for many tropospheric gases. The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and has a lifetime on the order of seconds. Its formation is initiated by the photolysis of tropospheric ozone.Tropospheric chemistry involves a complex, non-hear set of chemical reactions between atmospheric species that vary substantially in time and space. To model these and other species on a global scale requires the use of a global, three-dimensional chemistry. transport, and deposition (CTD) model. In this work, I developed two such three dimensional CTD models. The first model incorporated the chemistry necessary to model tropospheric ozone production from the reactions of nitrogen oxides with carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CQ). The second also included longer-lived alkane species and the biogenic hydrocarbon isoprene, which is emitted by growing plants and trees. The models' ability to predict a number of key variables (including the concentration of 03, OH, and other species) were evaluated. Then, several scenarios were simulated to understand the change in the chemistry of the troposphere since preindustrial times and the role of anthropogenic NO, on present day conditions.

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Effects on Vegetation: Native, Crops, Forests

Cited by 41 publications

References 403 publications

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Impact of Ozone on the Growth and Yield of Trees: A Review

Predicting tropospheric ozone and hydroxyl radical in a global, three-dimensional, chemistry, transport, and deposition model

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