Effects on power, strength and lean body mass of menstrual/oral contraceptive cycle based resistance training

Wikström-Frisén, Lisbeth; Boraxbekk, Carl Johan; Henriksson-Larsén, Karin

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.16.05848-5

Cited by 51 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Muscle strength (MVC, 5RM) and functional outcomes (CMJ, Wingate AP) were significantly enhanced after the training period, but no differences in improvements were observed between OC-users and non-OC, which is in line with previous studies (6,27,45). Still, the knowledge about the influence of OC on muscle strength is sparse.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In line with this, in a randomized-controlled trial conducted over 2 years, Procter-Gray et al demonstrated that athletes who were given OCs lost more fat mass (FM) and gained more lean mass than a control group not using OCs (29). Subjects in the latter study used second generation OCs, whereas the remaining studies included a variety of OC formulations grouped together (23,27,45). Furthermore 2 of the 4 interventional training studies applied their intervention as an add-on to athletes training routines with sparse data on training adherence and activity level (27,45), whereas the training intervention was not controlled in the study by Procter-Gray et al (29).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies comparing the changes in muscle strength and lean body mass between OC-users and nonusers after 12-16 weeks of resistance training found no effect of OC use (27,45), and an abstract published by Lee et al (22) demonstrated after a 10-week whole-body resistance training intervention, an impaired muscle gain in young OC-users when compared with nonusers. On the contrary, a new study reported that OC users experienced an increase in fat-free mass (FFM), whereas the nonusers did not experience any significant change after 8 weeks of resistance training (32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Second Generation Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Untrained Women

Dalgaard

Jørgensen

Oxfeldt

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Influence of second generation oral contraceptive use on adaptations to resistance training in young untrained women. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1801-1809, 2022-The study purpose was to determine effects of using second generation oral contraceptives (OC) on muscle adaptations to resistance training in young untrained women. Twenty users and 18 nonusers of OC completed a 10-week supervised progressive resistance training program. Before and after the intervention, muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the quadriceps was measured using magnetic resonance imaging and muscle fiber CSA (fCSA) was determined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, body composition (DXA, fat mass/fat-free mass), maximal isometric muscle strength (dynamometry), 5 repetition maximum (5RM) leg press strength, counter movement jump (CMJ) height, and average power using a modified Wingate test were determined. Serum hormone analysis ensured OC compliance and 4-day food records documented dietary intake. After the training period, quadriceps mCSA (OC: 11.0 6 6.0% vs. non-OC: 9.2 6 5.0%, p 5 0.001), type II fCSA (OC: 19.9 6 7.9% vs. non-OC: 16.6 6 7.2%, p 5 0.05), muscle strength (knee extension, knee flexion and 5RM, p , 0.001), and functional power (CMJ, AP, p , 0.001) were significantly increased with no significant difference between the groups. However, a tendency toward a greater increase in fat-free mass (FFM) in the OC group was observed (OC: 3.7 6 3.8% vs. non-OC: 2.7 6 3.5%, p 5 0.08). Collectively, use of second generation OCs in young untrained women did not significantly improve adaptations to 10 weeks of resistance training compared with nonusers. The trend toward greater gains in FFM in the OC group warrant future studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of Second Generation Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Untrained Women

Dalgaard

Jørgensen

Oxfeldt

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Romance et al [ 51 ] analyzed the influence of OC use on strength after 8 weeks of resistance training and found no differences in muscle strength gains between their non-OC and OC groups. Furthermore, Wikstrom-Frisen et al found no significant differences in strength, squat jump ability, or isokinetic peak torque between women who used OCs and those who did not [ 52 ], while Nichols et al found no differences in isokinetic torque and maximum strength gain between female student athletes who used OCs and those who did not [ 22 ]. According to Oxfeldt et al, 10 weeks of resistance training increased ‘muscle regulatory factor 4’ expression levels as well as satellite cell numbers in women who used OCs compared to nonusers [ 53 ], and Dalgaard et al reported that the use of third-generation OCs was associated with an increase in muscle mass [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of oral contraceptive use on muscle strength, muscle thickness, and fiber size and composition in young women undergoing 12 weeks of strength training: a cohort study

et al. 2022

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Background It is suspected that hormonal fluctuations during menstruation may cause different responses to strength training in women who use oral contraceptives (OC) versus those who do not. However, previous studies that investigated the existence of such differences produced conflicting results. In this study, we hypothesized that OC use has no effect on muscle strength and hypertrophy among women undergoing strength training. Thus, we compared the differences in muscle strength and thickness among women who used OCs and those who did not. Methods We investigated the influence of OC use on muscle strength (Fmax), muscle thickness (Mtk), type 1-to-type 2 muscle fiber (NO) ratio, muscle fiber thickness (MFT), and nuclear-to-fiber (N/F) ratio. Seventy-four healthy young women (including 34 who used OCs and 40 who did not) underwent 12 weeks of submaximal strength training, after which Fmax was evaluated using a leg-press machine with a combined force and load cell, while Mtk was measured using real-time ultrasonography. Moreover, the NO ratio, MFT, and N/F ratio were evaluated using muscle needle biopsies. Results Participants in the non-OC and OC groups experienced increases in Fmax (+ 23.30 ± 10.82 kg and + 28.02 ± 11.50 kg respectively, p = 0.073), Mtk (+ 0.48 ± 0.47 cm2 and + 0.50 ± 0.44 cm2 respectively, p = 0.888), Fmax/Mtk (+ 2.78 ± 1.93 kg/cm2 and + 3.32 ± 2.37 kg/cm2 respectively, p = 0.285), NO ratio (type 2 fibers: + 1.86 ± 6.49% and − 4.17 ± 9.48% respectively, p = 0.169), MFT (type 2 fibers: + 7.15 ± 7.50 µm and + 4.07 ± 9.30 µm respectively, p = 0.435), and N/F ratio (+ 0.61 ± 1.02 and + 0.15 ± 0.97 respectively, p = 0.866) after training. There were no significant differences between the non-OC and OC groups in any of these parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions The effects of 12 weeks of strength training on Fmax, muscle thickness, muscle fiber size, and composition were similar in young women irrespective of their OC use.

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“…As for muscle strength, Thompson [11] suggests that hormonal changes in MC may influence PP, since estrogen and progesterone receptors are identified in skeletal muscles. Greater muscle strength performance is documented during the luteal phase of the MC by Loureiro [12] and during the follicular phase by Wikström-Frisén [13]. On the other hand, there are reports of decreased muscle strength during the follicular phase [11,14,15], and studies that found no significant differences in muscle strength performance between MC phases [6,12,[15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Força muscular e resistência aeróbia: existem diferenças de desempenho físico durante as fases de dois ciclos menstruais?

Ribeiro

Carvalho

Oliveira

et al. 2021

Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc

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The menstrual cycle has been pointed as a possible factor of interference in the physical training, but the relation between its different phases and the physical performance has been recent target of investigation. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the physical performance in the motor capacities of aerobic resistance and muscular strength during the menstrual cycle phases. During two complete menstrual cycles, 12 healthy, active and oral contraceptive women underwent a training protocol. During training were evaluated for physical performance in each phase of each cycle through the tests: Yo Yo Test 1 and one repetition maximum test (1RM) for exercises in the leg extension, bench press, leg curl and rower machine. The results point to a reduction of the resistance performance in the follicular phase for both menstrual cycles evaluated. The behavior of muscle strength was significantly higher in the second cycle for the bench press and leg curl exercises. We concluded that the performance on resistance capacity in active women, when evaluated in two menstrual cycles, is lower in the follicular phase, while the muscular strength performance was not influenced by the menstrual cycle phases.Keywords: physical fitness, exercise, women.

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Effects on power, strength and lean body mass of menstrual/oral contraceptive cycle based resistance training

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of Second Generation Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Untrained Women

Influence of Second Generation Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Untrained Women

Effects of oral contraceptive use on muscle strength, muscle thickness, and fiber size and composition in young women undergoing 12 weeks of strength training: a cohort study

Força muscular e resistência aeróbia: existem diferenças de desempenho físico durante as fases de dois ciclos menstruais?

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