Effects of Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Cardiac Marker and Radical Scavenging Enzymes, and MDA Levels in Young Swimmers

Abstract

The relationship among the enzyme activities of cardiac markers, the antioxidant defense system, and erythrocyte membrane malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels related to vitamin-mineral supplementation in swim exercise was investigated. Swimmers aged 11 - 13 years were divided into 2 separate groups as control and vitamin-mineral supplemented. Swimmers participated in a monthly swimming program (4 times/wk) and swam approximately 2- 2.5 km/d. Cardiac markers such as creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK - MB), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT (AST)], lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in post-training samples were found to be significantly (p<.05) higher than in pre-training samples. Except for GOT (AST), the activity increases in CK, CK-MB, and LDH in female and male supplemented groups were significantly (p<.05) lower than those of control groups during the 1-month period of swim training. Antioxidant enzyme activity increases in the male vitamin-mineral group were significantly (p <.05) higher when compared with the other groups. Post-training MDA levels were significantly (p <.001) higher than pre-training MDA levels in the control groups, whereas no significant (p<.05) differences were found between the vitamin-mineral supplemented groups. Vitamin-mineral supplementation was found to attenuate cardiac and muscle damage markers while also enhancing antioxidant levels and reducing membrane LPO levels in response to 1 month of swim training.

The Effect of Endurance Swimming Plus Vitamin C Supplement on Oxidative Stress and Muscles Damage Indices in Male Wistar Rats

“…Traber (2006) and Mastaloudis (2006) also observed an increase in LDH levels in the training groups with and without supplement (16,17). However, Cava and Raphael reported the reduction of LDH levels as a result of taking antioxidant supplementation (18,19). The LDH enzyme is widely distributed in body tissues and its high concentration is seen in the liver, myocardium, kidney, skeletal muscles, red blood cells, and other tissues (41).…”

“…Rouhi (2008), Mastaloudis (2006), and Traber (2006), also reported the inefficiency of antioxidant supplements in reducing the level of CK (15)(16)(17), while Cava (2003) and Raphael (2007) observed a significant reduction in the supplement receiving groups (18,19). Normally, creatine kinase does not enter the extracellular space unless there is harm to the sarcolemma.…”

“…Traber et al (2006) studied 22 male and female runners who took the vitamin supplement and participated in a marathon race and showed that taking vitamin supplements prevents oxidative stress injury and lipid peroxidation, but has no effect on muscle damage (17). Cavas (2004) reported different results and expressed that taking antioxidant supplements reduces oxidative stress, CK, and LDH (18). Raphael (2007) observed the reduction of the CK level due to the use of antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise (19).…”

Influencia de la fuerza muscular isométrica de las extremidades superiores en el estrés oxidativo en niños. (Influence of handgrip strength in oxidative stress in children).

“…De hecho no hemos encontrado, en la revisión bibliográfica realizada, trabajos que relacionen la fuerza muscular isométrica y el EO durante la infancia o adolescencia. Sólo existen algunos estudios que se centran fundamentalmente en la valoración del efecto de actividades de tipo aeróbico como la natación sobre el estrés oxidativo (Santos Silva et al, 2001;Gonenc et al, 2000;Cavas et al, 2004;Gogugoura et al, 2007;Nikolaidis et al 2007). En base a lo expuesto, este trabajo pretende establecer si existen diferencias en biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en saliva (productos de lipoperoxidación, LPO, como especies reactivas de oxigeno; glutatión reducido, GSH, como antioxidante no enzimático y en la actividad de la enzima catalasa, CAT, como antioxidante L Benítez-Sillero, J. D.; Pérez-Navero, J.L.…”

“…Sin embargo, diferentes estudios en niños (Santos Silva et al, 2001;Cavas et al, 2004;Gougoura et al 2007) han observado niveles inferiores de GSH, así como de otros antioxidantes (Alshammari et al, 2010), en aquéllos niños sometidos a entrenamiento o actividad física frente a otros que no estaban sometidos a esta actividad, lo cual debemos considerar con cautela ya que en dichos estudios se refiere al nivel de actividad física mientras que nuestro estudio al nivel de fuerza muscular isométrica de las extremidades superiores. En la revisión bibliográfica efectuada hay un trabajo que estudia la fuerza muscular isométrica de las extremidades superiores y el estrés oxidativo en mujeres postmenopaúsicas (Morimoto et al, 2008), sin encontrar información en niños y adolescentes.…”